Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Mechanization and Automation of Production Processes

METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF SIMULATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION AS AN ELEMENT OF AGROLOGISTICS IN PRECISION FARMING SYSTEMS

O.I. Anikeev — 2024-11-21

At the current stage of the development of science and technology, the application of qualitatively new methods of controlling mechanical devices in technological processes in crop production is relevant. Scientists have solved a scientific and technical problem, which is important for increasing the efficiency of the use of machines as part of complexes in the production of plant products. A system of criteria for the evaluation of machine complexes has been developed, which cover the consumption of resources during the implementation of the technological process, the realization of the biological potential of plants, and indicators of the impact of the functioning of agricultural machinery on the environment. According to the results of simulation modeling of the functioning of machine units, the statistical characteristics of the specified criteria are determined. Analyzing the distribution of active agricultural enterprises of the highest level by the size of more than 10,000 hectares of land over the past 20 years, the trend of a significant increase in the number of farms of the highest level was in the period until 2013, after which there was a slight decline, but their number changed slightly. Such a qualitatively new method can be considered the logistics of technological processes of crop production separately by operations, with the possibility of taking into account many criteria that can affect the final result at higher-level enterprises. The purpose of the article is to achieve the rationality of the technological process, the essence of which is to take into account the possible downtime of the unit and at the same time prevent the excess of productivity of one of the links that perform the work in order. to avoid downtime or overloading of the remaining links of the integrated system. That is, the principle of flow of execution of a given technological process in a given time frame is used. The authors have developed a methodology for modeling the technological processes of growing agricultural crops using the example of applying the main dose of mineral fertilizers with their simultaneous application to the soil. Since this issue requires a complex and multifactorial approach, the developed solution method makes it possible to calculate the efficiency of aggregates in the «express» mode with as close consideration as possible of regulated downtimes of aggregates, breakdowns and meteorological conditions, to production conditions. The developed algorithm allows you to enter conditions for calculations and receive additional data, such as fuel consumption for each unit, labor costs, energy costs, costs of funds for the performance of work, which will make it possible to make reasonable and timely management and engineering decisions regarding the use of the machine-tractor fleet, facilitate work department of material and technical support.

COMPARISON OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNTER-ROTOR STAGE WITH AVAILABLE CNA-180 LINE PUMPS

O.A. Kulikov — 2024-11-21

Counter-rotor systems, based on the use of two rotors that rotate in opposite directions, are of increasing interest in industrial sectors due to their high efficiency and ability to reduce vibration loads. This makes them extremely attractive to many sectors of the economy, including aviation, shipbuilding, automotive and energy, where reliability and energy efficiency play a key role. In the rapidly developing world of modern technology, the counter-rotor effect offers unique opportunities to optimize the operation of equipment that meets the growing demands for quality and productivity. One of the main advantages of the counter-rotor technology is the significant reduction of vibrations that occur during the operation of the equipment. A balanced system with two rotors rotating in opposite directions helps to compensate for dynamic loads, reducing the risk of damage and extending the life of the systems. In addition, counter-rotor systems allow to increase the stability and controllability of mechanisms, which is especially important in such industries, where any deviation can lead to serious consequences. Such technology also contributes to an increase in overall productivity, which is important in the conditions of modern energy-saving standards. In the pump industry, counter-rotor technologies open new horizons for the development of compact and at the same time high-performance pump systems. Thanks to two rotor elements rotating in different directions, it is possible to achieve more efficient movement of liquid, as well as to reduce energy losses. This makes it possible to reduce the overall dimensions of the equipment without losing its power and reliability. With this in mind, the article pays special attention to the comparison of counter-rotor pump systems with traditional centrifugal pumps of the CNA type, which are widely used in various fields. The authors of the article provide data on pressure characteristics and energy efficiency, which demonstrate a significant advantage of counter-rotor systems in specific operating conditions. The experimental part of the article presents the results of testing counter-rotor stages with lead-off devices under different operating conditions. These results confirm that this technology not only increases the efficiency of pumps, but also allows efficient use of energy, which is especially important in modern realities. In addition, the article discusses the prospects for the development of counter-rotor systems, their possible implementation in various industries and further research in this direction. Thus, counter-rotor systems represent a promising direction in the development of modern industrial equipment, capable of providing good productivity and energy efficiency while reducing vibrations and loads. Continuing research in this area can lead to the creation of new solutions that will contribute to the further improvement of industrial processes and equipment used in various industries.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF WORKING SPEED ON THE OPERATIONAL INDICATORS OF A MACHINE UNIT: RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION

M. O. Mikulina — 2024-11-21

This study is devoted to analyzing the influence of working speed on the operational indicators of a machine unit (MU) in order to investigate and optimize its performance. The research included evaluating the degree and nature of the impact of the unit's working speed in the field on important indicators such as direct operational costs per hectare of land cultivation, work productivity of the unit, and quality coefficient of agricultural operations execution. The investigations were conducted using a modern tractor fleet consisting of power machines (PM) manufactured by the American company CASE IH, as well as a range of contemporary agricultural machines produced by the German company HORSCH. The machine units were utilized for mechanized technological operations related to sowing cereal crops in prepared fields. The analysis of created graphical models revealed a significant influence of the working speed of the unit on all three investigated operational indicators. As the unit's working speed increased from 4 km/h to the maximum level of 16 km/h for HORSCH seed drills, there was an average reduction in cost levels by 76.04%. The average productivity value at a working speed of 4 km/h for the five investigated machine units was 1.48 hectares per hour, while at a speed of 16 km/h, it increased on average to 5.79 hectares per hour, representing a growth of 291.2%. The maximum value of the quality coefficient for all five units was achieved at a working speed of 10 km/h (k = 0.855). Deviating from this value in any direction resulted in a rapid decrease in the quality of agricultural operations execution. For instance, when operating at a speed 4 km/h slower or faster than the specified level, the average decrease in the quality coefficient was 24.56% and 30.99%, respectively. The research findings established a correlation between the working speed of the machine unit and its operational indicators. Furthermore, optimal recommendations regarding the use of working speed were developed to achieve more efficient resource utilization, cost reduction, and improvement in the quality of agricultural operations execution. In conclusion, the conducted research determined that the optimal value of the working speed for the machine unit can vary significantly depending on the goals and priorities of the enterprise. To simultaneously minimize operational costs, increase work productivity, and ensure the highest quality coefficient, it is advisable, based on the conditions of this study, to select a speed range of 10-12 km/h, approximately 62.5-75% of the maximum permissible speed according to the technical documentation of the considered agricultural machines.

COMPOSITE MILLING HEADS FOR MACHINING LARGE FLAT SURFACES

B. A. Ostapenko — 2024-11-21

The article deals with the problems of increasing the productivity of milling the planes of workpieces with large dimensions. Such workpieces include the frames of centrifuges and metal-cutting machines, tables of paper-cutting machines, various plates and cases, frames, and parts of transport equipment. The dimensions of the planes of these parts usually exceed tens of centimeters and often reach meter values, which creates certain difficulties during machining. Since milling is one of the most efficient methods of machining, there is a problem of reducing the milling time of large workpieces. In this case, one-pass milling of planes with one cutter cannot always be implemented, since this requires a face mill of very large values: with a diameter of 400–630 mm and more. Multi-pass milling is often used, which reduces the quality of the surface and leads to an increase in machining time. Therefore, one of the options is the use of composite milling heads (CMH), which have their own drive and contain several face mills. For example, if the machining of mutually perpendicular flat surfaces is required, then an CMH containing four spindles with face mills installed on them is proposed. Each pair of adjacent cutters has trajectories of cutting knives that intersect. Such CMH allow obtaining a continuous machined surface with relative movement of the workpiece and the machine table. The maximum milling width of the CMH is almost twice the diameter of the face mill. CMH can work in any direction of longitudinal and transverse feed. The proposed CMH expands the technological capabilities of milling, as it allows the machining of large flat surfaces in mutually perpendicular directions. If there is a need to adjust the width of milling with the use of CMH (for example, when machining the planes of grooves with side walls), then the design of CMH with a rotating spindle block is proposed. In this CMH, three face mills are arranged in a row and are able to rotate together with the spindle block at a given angle α, thereby changing the milling width. The size of the milling width can vary from a maximum value equal to approximately the sum of the diameters of three cutters to a minimum value equal to one diameter of the cutter. The research determined the dependence of the milling width on the angle of rotation α (0°–360°) of the CMH spindle block, which contains three milling cutters with a diameter of Dfr = 315 mm. The proposed CMHs provide a reduction in the machining time of milling large flat surfaces by reducing the number of tool passes. A comparison of the normalization parameters of milling operations of the «OGSH»-type centrifuge bed fully confirms the advantage of using an CMH compared to a conventional face mill.

USE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOUR FOR BREAD AND FLOUR CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS IN RESTAURANT ESTABLISHMENTS

T. A. Sylchuk — 2024-11-21

The article substantiates the theoretical use of amaranth flour, which contains a large amount of protein compared to other raw materials. A promising way to improve the protein content of bakery and flour confectionery products is the use of different types of flour: rice, millet, corn, amaranth, buckwheat, sorghum, brown rice, and green buckwheat flour. During the analysis of the use of flour of various grain crops in the technology of bakery and flour confectionery products, types of flour that have a neutral taste and aroma deserve the greatest attention, which allows you to use them without significant quantitative restrictions in the recipe while maintaining high organoleptic indicators. Various types of flour have been studied and prospects for its use in the production of bakery and flour confectionery products have been established. Amaranth flour contains a complex of substances useful for the human body. It has a valuable chemical composition, high nutritional and biological value, contains a wide range of physiologically functional food ingredients, which determines the prospects of their use in the technology of food production. The main difference between bakery and flour products made from amaranth flour is the high content of vitamins and the complete absence of gluten, which is harmful for many people. Baking with this type of flour does not affect health, thanks to this, its popularity is growing every day. It is used to enrich wheat flour in the preparation of bakery and confectionery products, as well as for the production of a number of gluten-free products. Amaranth flour contains a complex of substances useful for the human body. It was established that the hydration capacity of amaranth flour is 19% higher compared to wheat flour, which is due to the high fiber content and the peculiarities of the structure of the starch grains of amaranth flour. It is an ideal product that allows you to prepare delicious and healthy bakery and flour confectionery products to improve the quality of finished products. Flour is becoming more and more popular and in demand. This topic is relevant, because the use of non-traditional raw material amaranth flour with a high protein content in the manufactured bakery and flour confectionery products will increase the nutritional and biological value of the products.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR MODIFICATION OF SURFACES OF PUMP PARTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

N. V. Tarelnyk — 2024-11-21

The paper has studied the structural and technological features of pumping equipment used at nuclear power plants (NPP). The analysis of literary sources has shown that the NPP pumping units work under difficult operating conditions (high pressures, speeds, cryogenic and elevated temperatures, as well as under the influence of radiation exposure). Moreover, they have been being exposed to the negative influence of the surrounding environment. At the same time, their parts are subject to various types of wear: oxidative, abrasive, cavitation, fatigue, fretting corrosion, electro erosion, etc. Research and investigation of methods for improving the quality parameters of the surfaces of the parts have found that the most effective methods for controlling the quality parameters of the surface layers of the parts should include the technologies using concentrated energy flows (CEFs), while applying which, the non-equilibrium heating and cooling conditions occur. In comparison with the traditional processing methods, the above technologies allow forming the fundamentally different structure of the surface layers. It has been proven by literature and patent studies that one of the most promising modern technologies being capable of controlling the quality parameters of the part surfaces and carrying out through the application of the CEFs is an electrospark alloying (ESA) process. Owing to applying the ESA method, the surface structures with unique physical-mechanical and tribological properties at the nano-level are formed in the surface layers. The paper analyzes the features of the formation of the surface layers with the use of the ESA technologies and reveals reserves for their improvement due to the study of the effect of processing productivity (Q), i.e. the amount of processed surface per unit of time (cm2/min), on the quality parameters of the coatings. Moreover, there have been defined the ways for improving the ESA technologies to increase the reliability of the NPP pumping equipment parts by: increasing their heat resistance, forming self-lubricating coatings, developing technologies for nanostructuring of steel surfaces and creating protective coatings, etc.

ANALYSIS OF CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR PERFORATED SIFTING SURFACES OF SEPARATION MACHINES

S. O. Kharchenko — 2024-11-21

The productivity and quality of sieve separation machines when separating bulk material components depends on the efficiency of the hole cleaning system. The blocking of the holes is due to the similarity of their dimensions to the dimensions of the bulk material components. At the same time, in the presence of blocked holes, the screening area of perforated surfaces decreases and the productivity of separating machines decreases. Modern production requirements and the emergence of new scientific and technical developments, such as sieves with holes of complex geometry, have created the need to improve the efficiency of cleaning systems. The development of new and improved cleaning systems is not possible without analyzing the existing state and identifying promising areas for improvement. For this purpose, a systematic analysis of structures and methods of increasing the efficiency of cleaning systems was carried out with the determination of the level of prospects. The conditions and criteria for the efficiency of cleaning systems and the parameters of their working elements are determined. Based on the analysis of the research, taking into account the current needs of manufacturers, the requirements for cleaning systems for sieve vibrating separators were established: continuous in time and intensive cleaning of sieve openings from components of bulk materials, which ensures minimal deviation of the effective screening area from the basic one; reliability of cleaning working elements of cleaning systems should be based on maximum durability and minimal wear; minimization of the influence of external conditions on the technological efficiency of cleaning systems; minimizing the impact of external conditions on the technological efficiency of cleaning systems; minimizing the negative impact on separation processes and the reliability of separation machine components; minimizing the level of injury to bulk material components and clogging of final separation products. The main features of the division of cleaning systems are: by the nature of the impact on the components of bulk materials using working elements, self-cleaning of the holes of sieving surfaces, using special devices; by the type of working elements of frictional and impact action; by the type of drive with crank, chain, non-drive and flexible connection. The most promising in terms of a set of indicators, for further research, were selected cleaning systems with working elements of impact action and free movement – ball type. The result of the work was a generalized classification of cleaning systems for the holes of perforated sieving surfaces of separating machines, which will allow us to identify ways for further improvements and develop new working cleaning elements.

ANALYSIS OF PERFORATED SIFTING SURFACES OF SEPARATION EQUIPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT

S. O. Kharchenko — 2024-11-21

One of the main working bodies of separation equipment is perforated sifting surfaces, which operate with vibration and separate the components of loose grain materials by size. The significant influence of the parameters of the sifting surfaces on the efficiency of the loose material separation process makes them crucial in relation to the technological performance and quality of the separation equipment. Replacing perforated sifting surfaces does not require significant changes in the design of separation equipment. Despite the significant impact, today there are a number of classifications based on design features that make it difficult to understand the prospects and innovations in relation to the intensification of the process of separating loose grain materials. In addition, there is a constant development and emergence of new designs, manufacturing methods and improvements of perforated sifting surfaces. The aim of the work was to generalise and develop a classification of perforated sifting surfaces of separation equipment, which will allow determining the prospects for intensifying the process of separation of loose grain materials. As a result of the analysis of existing studies, the following distinctive features of perforated sifting surfaces have been identified: by the method of manufacture, by the location of the working surface, by the mobility of the working surface, by the use of additional elements, by the shape of the holes, by the shape of the working surface, by the location of the holes, by the technological operation, by the size of the holes, by the material from which they are made. A classification of perforated sifting surfaces according to these features with a detailed division into subclasses is proposed. The technical implementation of a promising method for intensive loosening of a layer of loose grain material by using a perforated sifting surface with a volumetric corrugated structure is proposed. The factors that influence the efficiency of the process of separation of bulk grain materials have been determined. The obtained results make it possible to find possible improvements in the design of sifting surfaces and intensify the processes of separation of loose grain materials on separation equipment.

DETERMINATION OF THE OVERFLOW RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES ON DIFFERENT AGROPHONES

A. V. Chepizhnyi — 2024-11-21

The article presents a methodology that allows you to determine the coefficient of rolling resistance under the condition of changing various parameters of the energy source and agricultural machinery, taking into account the conditions of their operation. Today, a large number of studies are being conducted related to soil compaction by wheel loaders and further determination of ways of its reduction. At the same time, the calculation methods take into account the coefficients of resistance to rolling, which were determined quite a long time ago and for outdated wheeled equipment. Trends in the development of power tools and agricultural machinery lead to significant changes in the wheel drive, and therefore in the parameters of their interaction with the agricultural background. It should be noted that the characteristics of agrophones have also changed over the years under the influence of various factors. As a result, the listed rolling resistance coefficients need to be updated in accordance with the modern conditions of agricultural fields and modern energy means and agricultural machinery. The methodology incorporates the feature of a wheel that deforms when interacting with a deforming soil. That is, the deformation conditions of the wheel tire and the deformation characteristics of different types of agrophones are taken into account. A necessary condition for the analysis of the rolling resistance coefficient is the method of its determination. All existing studies are based on the primary determination of the tire contact patch depending on its design parameters. When analyzing the coefficient of rolling resistance, it is necessary to take into account the maximum number of parameters of agricultural machinery, agricultural background and others. But the main condition is the initial division of wheels into three types: passive, active, reactive. The interaction of each of these types of wheels has its own differences that affect the value of the rolling resistance coefficient of the wheel. The total rolling resistance coefficient of the unit will actually consist of all types of wheels. In this work, we have analyzed and presented a technique for a passive type of wheel of an energy vehicle or agricultural machinery. The obtained data of the rolling resistance coefficient confirm the already existing dependencies, and therefore the proposed method is effective. The proposed method of determining the coefficient of rolling resistance makes it possible to find its necessary value for production conditions.

USE OF CHEESE AND PEANUT FLOUR IN BASIC BISCUIT TECHNOLOGY

N. V. Chorna — 2024-11-21

The main goal of this study was to determine the recipe of the basic biscuit with the addition of chickpeas and peanuts in combination with wheat flour. Chickpea flour is rich in protein (approximately 20g of protein per 100g of product), making it valuable for vegetarians and vegans. It also contains important amino acids, including lysine, which helps strengthen the immune system and support tissue health. In addition, chickpeas are a good source of: B vitamins (especially B9, or folic acid), which is important for blood formation and the functioning of the nervous system; minerals such as iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc; dietary fibers that support the health of the digestive system. In turn, peanut flour is rich in macro- and microelements, and contains about 25% protein, including important amino acids such as arginine; the main share (almost 50%) consists of mono- and polyunsaturated fats, useful for the cardiovascular system; in addition, peanut flour is rich in vitamin E, B vitamins, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium, which support general health, the functioning of the nervous and muscular systems Chickpea flour, peanut flour, and wheat flour were mixed in the following proportions: sample A; 1.5:1.5:97, sample B: 3:3:94, sample B: 4.5:4.5:91, sample D: 6:6:88. The main biscuit was chosen as the control sample. Initial analysis showed that 1.5% chickpea, 1.5% peanut, and 97% wheat flour could be mixed to make a quality biscuit. This indicator was investigated by conducting organoleptic quality indicators. As the amount of chickpea and peanut flour added increased, the color properties of the semi-finished product and its taste and smell changed. In turn, the calculation of the nutritional and energy value showed that with the increase in the amount of innovative raw materials, the protein content in biscuits varied from 5.49g in a biscuit made from wheat flour to 10.1g in a biscuit with the addition of innovative raw materials, fat 12.3 to 16.63 g, and carbohydrates – 50.16-80.4 g per 100 g of products.

FEATURES OF TURNING ON ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR PARALLEL WORK IN THE AUTOMATION OF PROCESSES IN AGRICULTURE

O. Yu. Yurchenko — 2024-11-21

Increasing production volumes requires automation of processes. Turning on electric motors for parallel operation is a quite effective solution. This is due to the minimization of labor costs, improvement of working conditions, reduction of the probability of system failure due to human error. The automatic mode of operation of the equipment makes it possible to connect several machines for parallel operation with automatic start-up or shutdown of installations. In addition, modern technologies make it possible to regulate the process automatically without the intervention of personnel. This article deals with the automation of the technological process of grain mass cleaning. Relatively small volumes of grain mass (for example, 200 tons), which arrive from the field or storage points, are not always advisable to be cleaned by large grain cleaning facilities, or at all in their absence. Therefore, it is advisable to use self-propelled grain cleaning machines by small farms. Automation of processes and efficient use of resources require the connection of several machines for parallel work. However, the problem of turning on such machines for parallel operation is the appearance of large starting currents of each of the electric motors. Turning on several machines for parallel operation leads to an increase in the starting current multiple times the number of such machines. For this purpose, this paper considers the automation of switching on machines for parallel operation with a delay on switching on time of the second technological installation. It was established that the maximum current load under this method of automation is the total current indicator at the time of operation of the electric motor of the first technological unit and the start of the electric motor of the second technological unit. As a result, the automation of the process achieves the gradual switching on of electric motors for parallel operation without the simultaneous manifestation of the starting currents of the electric motors of each of the installations.

USE OF TRACTOR TRAILERS IN THE LOGISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

P. M. Yaroshenko — 2024-11-21

The article deals with the issue of the use of tractor vehicles in the logistics of agricultural enterprises. The limit distances for the use of tractors with trailers and semi-trailers in comparison with cars, which until recently were widely used in agriculture, were determined. An analytical expression for determining the traction resistance of a tractor train was found. The possible fuel consumption of some tractor units has been clarified. The rules and principles of the formation of tractor transport units for the transportation of goods of various classes are defined. Grounded recommendations for the use of specialized trailers for the transportation of various types of cargo. A modern tractor transport unit is a highly efficient vehicle that can transport goods not only in the middle of the farm, but over short distances of up to 3...5 km. A tractor with a trailer or semi-trailer in modern conditions can effectively transport goods at distances twice as long as those stated above. This statement is based on the results of research by Ukrainian scientists. A modern tractor-trailer or semi-trailer, made of high-quality steel, has braking, hydraulic and electrical systems. It can be equipped with both autonomous loading and unloading systems. It usually has a rectangular body shape with an open, closed or semi-open top. It can transport both loose and monolithic cargoes, transport both wood and live animals. On the go, pick up rectangular or round bales of straw or hay, load them onto your platform and deliver them to the storage location. At the same time, tractor-trailers and semi-trailers have basically kept a simple and reliable design. The possibility of loading from different sides or from above and the possibility of unloading on three sides without leaving the tractor cab. In the logistics of agricultural enterprises, tractor transport units had limited use. However, with the increase in the carrying capacity of trailed machinery and the improvement of methods of connection with the tractor, they began to gain more and more popularity among farmers. Tractor trains are increasingly used for mass transportation of various cargoes. They are increasingly being relied upon when harvesting grain and industrial crops. Increasingly, such transport units are included in the logistics of transporting goods with a small specific density.