PROBLEMS OF CONSERVATION AND ECO-CONTROL OF THE BORDER TERRITORIES OF THE NATURE-RESERVE FUND IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Abstract
Biodiversity protection is one of the most pressing issues of our time. Implementation of environmental protection measures aimed at preserving biodiversity is complicated and often impossible in the context of military operations. The purpose of the article is to systematise and analyse information on the sozological value of natural complexes and biodiversity of the territories of the nature reserve fund (NRF). Sumy region, which are located within the two-kilometre border strip and are not NRF institutions, and to identify priority areas of environmental protection activities for them under martial law. The results of the analysis showed that within the territory selected for the study there are two landscape reserves of national importance (Shalyhinsky and Seredneseimsky), six reserves of local importance (one landscape, one botanical, two hydrological and two general zoological) and one protected tract (Lomlenka). It has been established that all nine protected areas covered by the study are centres of conservation of rare biodiversity of international level: there are species of animals included in the Berne Convention. The largest number of such species is recorded in the Sredneseimsky (114 species) and Miropilsky (79 species) reserves. Species of flora and fauna protected at the state level are absent only in the Oleksandriyskyi reserve. Within the eight territories (except for the Lomlenka reserve), there are species subject to protection at the regional level. The total number of plant species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine found within the study areas is 15. The total number of animal species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine is higher than that of plants and reaches 28. At the same time, the war creates real problems and dangers for the further conservation of natural complexes represented within the studied NRF territories. As a result of shelling from artillery systems, explosions have already been recorded on the territory of the Shalyhinsky Reserve. Against the backdrop of the war, the relevance of monitoring compliance with environmental legislation within the NRFs and recording the manifestations of hostilities on their territories does not diminish. At the same time, the issue of using and developing remote monitoring methods, combining domestic and international experience, is of particular importance. This work should be systematic, supported by structural, functional, methodological and instrumental (hardware, software, etc.) aspects. In the event that, against the background of war and (or) counteraction to the aggressor, there is a threat of loss of natural complexes of a certain NRF territory and, accordingly, loss of its sozological value, a system of compensatory measures and an algorithm for their implementation should be clearly defined at the state and regional levels.
References
2. Antonelli, A. (2023). Five essentials for area-based biodiversity protection. Nat Ecol Evol, 7, 630–631. doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02023-x
3. Bond, A., Pope, J., Morrison-Saunders, A., & Retief, F. (2021). Taking an environmental ethics perspective to understand what we should expect from EIA in terms of biodiversity protection. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 86, 106508. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106508
4. Carrasco, J., Mahaluf, R., Lisón, F., Pais, C., Miranda, A., de la Barra, F., & Weintraub, A. (2023). A firebreak placement model for optimizing biodiversity protection at landscape scale. Journal of Environmental Management, 342, 118087. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118087
5. Carrasco, L., Papeş, M., Sheldon, K. S., & Giam, X. (2021). Global progress in incorporating climate adaptation into land protection for biodiversity since Aichi targets. Global Change Biology, 27(9), 1788–1801. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15511
6. Chai, L., Liu, A., Li, X., Guo, Z., He, W., Huang, J., & Liu, J. (2024). Telecoupled impacts of the Russia–Ukraine war on global cropland expansion and biodiversity. Nature Sustainability, 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41893-024-01292-z
7. Chervona knyha Ukrainy. [Red Book of Ukraine]. (2021). URL: https://mepr.gov.ua/diyalnist/napryamky/bioriznomanittya/chervona-knyga-ukrayiny-2/ (in Ukrainian).
8. Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Roslynnyi svit (2009). [Red Book of Ukraine. The plant world]. Za zah. red. chl.-kor. NAN Ukrainy Ya.P. Didukha. «Hlobalkonsaltynh», K., 911 (in Ukrainian).
9. Chervona knyha Ukrainy. Tvarynnyi svit (2009). [Red Book of Ukraine. Fauna]. Za red. I. A. Akimova. Hlobalkonsaltynh, Kyiv, 600 (in Ukrainian).
10. Derzhavna ekolohichna inspektsiia u Sumskii oblasti. Ofitsiinyi sait [State ecological inspection in the Sumy region. Official site]. (in Ukrainian). URL: https://deisumy.gov.ua/?p=5407
11. Ekardt, F., Günther, P., Hagemann, K., Garske, B., Heyl, K., & Weyland, R. (2023). Legally binding and ambitious biodiversity protection under the CBD, the global biodiversity framework, and human rights law. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35(1), 80. doi: 10.1186/s12302-023-00786-5
12. Fitoriznomanittia zapovidnykiv i natsionalnykh pryrodnykh parkiv Ukrainy. (2012). Ch. 2. Natsionalni pryrodni parky [Phytodiversity of reserves and national natural parks of Ukraine. Part 2. National natural parks]. Fitosotsiotsentr, K., 579 (in Ukrainian).
13. Garside, A., Weir, D., & Plumptre, A. J. (2023). Protected zones in context: Exploring the complexity of armed conflicts and their impacts on the protection of biodiversity. International Review of the Red Cross, 105(924), 1412–1440. doi: 10.1017/S1816383123000450
14. Hanson, T. (2018). Biodiversity conservation and armed conflict: a warfare ecology perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1429(1), 50–65. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13689
15. Harper, M., Mejbel, H. S., Longert, D., Abell, R., Beard, T. D., Bennett, J. R., & Cooke, S. J. (2021). Twentyfive essential research questions to inform the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 31(9), 2632–2653. doi: 10.1002/aqc.3634
16. Hilborn, R., & Sinclair, A. R. (2021). Biodiversity protection in the 21st century needs intact habitat and protection from overexploitation whether inside or outside parks. Conservation Letters, 14(4). doi:10.1111/conl.12830
17. Karger, D. N., Kessler, M., Lehnert, M., & Jetz, W. (2021). Limited protection and ongoing loss of tropical cloud forest biodiversity and ecosystems worldwide. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(6), 854–862. doi: 10.1038/s41559-021-01450-y
18. Knysh, M.P., & Hryshchenko, V.M. (2010). Rozumiiuchy – oberihai: Tvarynnyi svit Sumshchyny [Understanding - protecting: Animal world of Sumy region]. Universytetska knyha, Sumy, 236 (in Ukrainian).
19. Knysh, M.P., Buhaiov, I.A., & Malyshok, V.M. (2008). Sposterezhennia ptakhiv Chervonoi knyhy Ukrainy u Sumskii oblasti v 1994-2006 rr. [Observation of birds of the Red Book of Ukraine in the Sumy region in 1994–2006]. Znakhidky tvaryn Chervonoi knyhy Ukrainy. Kyiv, 92–99 (in Ukrainian).
20. Konventsiia pro okhoronu dykoi flory ta fauny i pryrodnykh seredovyshch isnuvannia v Yevropi [Convention on the Protection of Wild Flora and Fauna and Natural Habitats in Europe]. Bern, 29 veresnia 1979. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_032#Text (in Ukrainian).
21. Liu, C., Yang, J., & Yin, L. (2021). Progress, achievements and prospects of biodiversity protection in Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science, 29(2), 200. doi: 10.17520/biods.2020082
22. Nurhidayah, L., & Alam, S. (2020). The forest and its biodiversity: Assessing the adequacy of biodiversity protection laws in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, 23(2), 178–201. doi: 10.4337/apjel.2020.02.04
23. Panwar, R., Ober, H., & Pinkse, J. (2023). The uncomfortable relationship between business and biodiversity: Advancing research on business strategies for biodiversity protection. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(5), 2554–2566. doi: 10.1002/bse.3139
24. Pereira, P., Bašić, F., Bogunovic, I., & Barcelo, D. (2022). Russian-Ukrainian war impacts the total environment. Science of The Total Environment, 837, 155865. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155865
25. Pro zakhody shchodo posylennia okhorony ridkisnykh ta znykaiuchykh vydiv roslyn, tvaryn i hrybiv, shcho pidliahaiut osoblyvii okhoroni na terytorii Sumskoi oblasti [On measures to strengthen the protection of rare and endangered species of plants, animals and mushrooms subject to special protection in the territory of the Sumy region]. Rishennia Sumskoi oblasnoi rady 11 sesii 6 sklykannia vid 18.11.2011 r. (in Ukrainian).
26. Pryrodno-zapovidnyi fond Sumskoi oblasti: atlas-dovidnyk (2019). [Nature Reserve Fund of Sumy region : atlas-reference] / uklad. R. V. Boichenko, V. V. Vertel, O. Yu. Karliukova [ta in.]. TOV «Ukrainska Kartohrafichna Hrupa», K., 96 (in Ukrainian).
27. Rawtani, D., Gupta, G., Khatri, N., Rao, P. K., & Hussain, C. M. (2022). Environmental damages due to war in Ukraine: A perspective. Science of The Total Environment, 850, 157932. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157932
28. Rehionalna skhema ekomerezhi Sumskoi oblasti (2020). [Regional scheme of the eco-network of the Sumy region]. (Proiekt). Sumy, 372 (in Ukrainian).
29. Skliar, V. H., Skliar, Yu. L., Hudakov, O. O., & Tykhonova, O. M. (2012). Kharakterystyka pryrodnykh kompleksiv Hetmanskoho natsionalnoho pryrodnoho parku [Characteristics of natural complexes of the Hetman National Nature Park]. Visnyk Sumskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Seriia «Ahronomiia i biolohiia», 2(23), 13–17 (in Ukrainian).
30. Sousa, R. G., Silva, J. P. D., Douda, K., & Mammola, S. (2022). The cost of war for biodiversity: a potential ecocide in Ukraine. doi: 10.1002/fee.2548
31. Vasyliuk, O., Shyriaieva, D., Kolomytsev, G., & Spinova, J. (2017). Steppe protected areas on the territory of Ukraine in the context of the armed conflict in the Donbas region and Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. Bulletin of the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group, 33(33), 15. doi: 10.21570/EDGG.Bull.33.15-23
32. Von Jeetze, P. J., Weindl, I., Johnson, J. A., Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Molina Bacca, E. J., & Popp, A. (2023). Projected landscape-scale repercussions of global action for climate and biodiversity protection. Nature communications, 14(1), 2515. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38043-1
33. Westing, A. H. (1992). Protected natural areas and the military. Environmental Conservation, 19(4), 343–348.
34. Woinarski, J. C., McCormack, P. C., McDonald, J., Legge, S., Garnett, S. T., Wintle, B., & Rumpff, L. (2023). Making choices: prioritising the protection of biodiversity in wildfires. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 32(7), 1031–1038. doi: 10.1071/WF22229
35. Yadav, S. P. S., Adhikari, R., Bhatta, D., Poudel, A., Subedi, S., Shrestha, S., & Shrestha, J. (2023). Initiatives for biodiversity conservation and utilization in crop protection: A strategy for sustainable crop production. Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(14), 4573–4595. doi: 10.1007/s10531-023-02718-4
36. Yakubenko, B. Ye., Popovych, S. Yu., Ustymenko, P. M., Dubyna, D. V. & Churilov, A. M. (2020). Heobotanika: metodychni aspekty doslidzhen [Geobotany: methodological aspects of research], 316 (in Ukrainian).
37. Zapovidni skarby Sumshchyny (2001). [Protected treasures of Sumy region]. Sumy: Dzherelo, 208 (in Ukrainian).
38. Zinchenko, O.I., Knysh, M.P., & Panchenko, S.M. (2013). «Velykopysarivski kurhany» – potentsiinyi obiekt pryrodno-zapovidnoho fondu Sumskoi oblasti ["Velikopisariv Mounds" is a potential object of the nature reserve fund of the Sumy region]. Aktualni problemy doslidzhennia dovkillia. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats (za materialamy V Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii, 23 – 25 travnia 2013 r., m. Sumy). – T. 1. – Sumy: SumDPU im. A.S. Makarenka, 89–92 (in Ukrainian).
39. Zlobin, Yu.A., Skliar, V.G. & Klymenko, G.O. (2022) Biologiia ta ekologiia fitopopuliatsii [Biology and ecology of phytopopulations] Sumy: Universytetska knyga, 512 (in Ukrainian).