FEATURES OF THE YEILD FORMATION OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE
Abstract
Sunflower belongs to crops with low pre-harvest sowing density and low compensatory capacity of the parameters that are components of the crop. This feature complicates the functioning of population mechanisms of regulation of generative parameters of plants in the same way as it happens in crops of cereal crops. The success of realizing the generative potential of plants (сrop yield) is determined by the compliance of the mechanisms of plant productivity, created through selection, to specific environmental conditions. Under these conditions, the most effective method of stabilizing and increasing crop yield is the correct selection of hybrids. To evaluate the effectiveness of various yield formation schemes 9 sunflower hybrids were studied in 2019–2021. Research was carried out within the framework of scientific topics of the Sumy National University and the Institute of Agriculture of the North East of the National Academy of Sciences. The conditions of the field experiment reproduced the main range of agrotechnical ones for sunflower growing in the northeastern forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The range of weather conditions over the years of research contributed to the identification of genotypes that were characterized by the ability to actively grow in conditions of low temperatures and sufficient amount of precipitation in the juvenile phases of development, as well as the ability to realize the generative potential of plants at higher temperatures and moisture deficit in the second half of the growing season. Yield indicators and their deviations from the average means were analyzed in terms of hybrids, years of research and rates of mineral fertilizers. Evaluation of productivity formation schemes was carried out on the basis of the indicator of ecological plasticity for the main selectively controlled traits. According to the study results of sunflower hybrids reaction to the year conditions and the fertilizer rate, it was established that: 1) Differences in the average yield indicators of individual research years increase with application of average rate of mineral fertilizers. On the variant with the maximum fertilizer rate the opposite effect was observed: the reaction of hybrids to the differences in weather conditions during the research years was weakened; 2) The high level of similarity in the reaction of low-yielding hybrids to weather conditions is based on a common complex of genetic mechanisms of yield formation. However, higher than average level of yield in each specific case is provided by an individual genetic scheme; 3) Comparison of hybrids according to the indicator of ecological stability of the main selectively controlled traits indicates the expediency to select of three groups with different schemes of yield formation: with a high level of plasticity of 1000 seed weight and the development of the leaf apparatus (Phenomen, Jason and Nabir); with a high level of plasticity of most indicators, primarily the number of seeds, the size of the inflorescence and the development of the leaf apparatus (Agent and LG 53.77); with an average level of plasticity according to the main selectively controlled indicators (Theo, Oscar, Zlatson and Dobrodiy).
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