PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF THE WOOD OF PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA (THUNB.) STEUD.
Abstract
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., commonly known as royal paulownia, empress tree, foxglove-tree or princess tree, is a fast-growing plant species, native to eastern Asia. The plant is introduced in Ukraine and currently its 11 varieties, suitable for dissemination and recommended for cultivation in all natural and climatic zones of the country, are registered, including the groups of energy, decorative and technical crops. The purposes of the work comprise summarization and systematization of the available scientific data on the taxonomic characteristics, morphological and ecological features of Paulownia tomentosa in Ukraine, as well as the investigation of the mechanical properties of its wood during plantation cultivation and assessment of suitability and possibilities for the uses in various sectors of industry. Relevant literature sources have been summarized and the results of research on the biological and ecological properties of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., under the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine, have been presented. The mechanical properties of wood from paulownia, grown by plantation cultivation in Ukraine, have been determined for the first time and their further comparative assessment with autochthonous tree species has been performed. The determined mechanical properties include modulus of elasticity, compressive strength parallel to grain, static bending strength and static hardness. All these four measured characteristics have been specified as minimum values in sapwood and heartwood parts of the paulownia trunk, however, they have been absolutely characterized by the highest rates in the middle part (between the sapwood and heartwood). These data demonstrate that paulownia wood is characterized by a sharp change in the mechanical characteristics within the diameter of the trunk. By its main properties paulownia wood is close to the aspen wood, thus, its middle part of the trunk is closer to the wood of conifers, which are widely utilized in construction. The received data might be taken into consideration by specialists in the woodworking, furniture and agricultural industries within the formation of paulownia plantations and the further application of its wood. When planning plantation cultivation of paulownia, it is advisable to take into account not only the possibility of obtaining high-quality wood and a large volume of biomass in a short period of time, but also its other useful properties: floral abundance and, accordingly, high nectar productivity; prospects for application in medicine; the ability of vegetative propagation regeneration several times after cutting the parent tree; the possibility of rapid formation of anti-erosion and wind protection plantings, afforestation of ravines, wastelands and land erosion areas.
References
2. Ates, S., Ni, Y., Akgul, M., & Tozluoglu, A. (2008). Characterization and evaluation of Paulownia elongata as a raw material for paper production. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(22): 4153–4158.
3. Bozhok, O.P., & Vintoniv, I.S. (1992). Derevynoznavstvo z osnovamy lisovoho tovaroznavstva. [Wood science with the basics of forest commodity science]. Kyiv: NMK VO. (in Ukrainian).
4. Darmohray, R.Y., & Lysiuk, R.M. (2021). Pavlovniia pukhnasta (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb). Steud.) – perspektyvna likarska roslyna. [Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. as a promising medicinal plant]. In: Opening a new century: achievements and prospects: materials of a scientific-practical conference with international participation, dedicated to the 100th anniversary National University of Pharmacy. Kharkiv: National University of Pharmacy: 185–186. (in Ukrainian).
5. Kokhno, M.A., Trokhymenko, N.M., Parkhomenko L. I. et al. (2005). Dendroflora Ukrainy. Dykorosli y kultyvovani dereva i kushchi. Pokrytonasinni. [Dendroflora of Ukraine. Wild and cultivated trees and bushes. Angiosperms]. Part II. Directory. Kyiv: Fitosotsiotsentr. (in Ukrainian).
6. Derzhavnyi reiestr sortiv roslyn, prydatnykh dlia poshyrennia v Ukraini. [State register of plant varieties suitable for propagation in Ukraine]. 03.02.2022 r. https://minagro.gov.ua/file-storage/reyestr-sortiv-roslin (in Ukrainian).
7. DSTU ISO 3129:2015 2016. Wood. Sampling methods and general requirements for physical and mechanical testing of small clear wood specimens (ISO 3129:2012, IDT). http://online.budstandart.com/ua/catalog/doc-page?id_doc=64897 (Accessed on 14 January 2023). (in Ukrainian).
8. EN 350:2016 2016. Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products – Testing and Classification of the Durability to Biological Agents of Wood and Wood-Based Materials. Brussels, Belgium: CEN. 72 p.
9. Gensiruk, S.A. (1992). Lisy Ukrainy. [Forests of Ukraine]. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. 408 p. (in Ukrainian).
10. Icka, P., Damo, R., & Icka, E. (2016). Paulownia tomentosa, a Fast Growing Timber. Annals of ‘Valahia’ University of Targoviste – Agriculture 10(1): 14–19. doi: 10.1515/agr-2016- 0003
11. Ivaniuk, A. P., & Kharachko, T. I. (2019). Gruntova skhozhist nasinnia pavlovnii povstystoi Paulownia Tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. riznoho heohrafichnoho pokhodzhennia. [Soil germination of Paulownia seeds Paulownia Tomentosa (Thunb.) Stud. of different geographical origin]. Scientific bulletin of NLTU of Ukraine, 29(3), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.15421/40290306 (in Ukrainian).
12. Ivanyuk, A.P., Harachko, T.I., & Ivantsov, E.P. (2019). Skhozhist nasinnia ta biometrychni pokaznyky plodiv pavlovnii povstystoi Paulownia Tomentosa Steud. riznoho heohrafichnoho pokhodzhennia. [Similarity of seeds and biometric parameters of the fruits of Paulownia tomentosa Stud. of different geographical origin]. Scientific bulletin of NLTU of Ukraine, 29(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.15421/40290102 (in Ukrainian).
13. Ivaniuk, A.P., Zaiachuk, V.Ya., Kharachko, T.I., Kolodii, T.V., & Miakush, B.M. (2021). Fizychni vlastyvosti derevyny pavlovnii povstystoi – Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. [Physical properties of Paulownia wood – Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud]. Scientific bulletin of NLTU of Ukraine, 31(4), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.36930/40310411 (in Ukrainian).
14. Jakubowski, M. (2022). Cultivation Potential and Uses of Paulownia Wood: A Review. Forests 13(5), 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ f13050668
15. Kalinichenko, O.A. (2003). Dekoratyvna dendrolohiia. [Decorative dendrology]. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola. (in Ukrainian).
16. Komán, S. (2023). Quality characteristics of the selected variant of Paulownia tomentosa (Robust4) wood cultivated in Hungary. Woods: Science and Technology 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718- 221x2023000100401
17. Koman, S., Feher, S., & Vityi, A. (2017). Physical and mechanical properties of Paulownia tomentosa wood planted in Hungaria. Wood Research (Bratislava) 62(2): 335– 340. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317758862
18. Kozakiewicz, P., Laskowka, A., & Ciołek, S. (2020). A Study of Selected Features of Shan Tong Variety of Plantation Paulownia and Its Wood Properties. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Forestry and Wood Technology 111: 116– 123. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348761752
19. Lachowicz, H., & Giedrowicz, A. (2020). Characteristics of the technical properties of Paulownia COTE−2 wood [Charakterystyka jakości technicznej drewna paulowni COTE−2]. Sylwan 164(5): 414−423 (in Polish). https://doi.org/10.26202/sylwan.2020024
20. Lypa, O.L. (1977). Dendrolohiia z osnovamy aklimatyzatsii. [Dendrology with the basics of acclimatization]. Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola. (in Ukrainian).
21. Matskevych, O.V., Filipova, L.M., Matskevych, V.V., & Andriyevskyi, V.V. (2019). Pavlovniia: naukovo-praktychnyi posibnyk. [Paulownia: a scientific and practical guide]. Bila Tserkva: BNAU. 80 p. (in Ukrainian).
22. McNeely, J.A., Mooney, H.A., Neville, L.E., Schei, P.J. & Waage, J.K. (2001). Global strategy on invasive alien species. Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, World Conservation Union (IUCN).
23. Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine (2023). Order dated 04/03/2023 No. 184. Kyiv. (in Ukrainian). https://mepr.gov.ua/mindovkillya-zatverdylo-perelik-chuzhoridnyh-vydiv-derev-zaboronenyh-uvidtvorenni-lisiv/
24. Nowak, T., Patalas, F., & Karolak, A. (2021). Estimating Mechanical Properties of Wood in Existing Structures-Selected Aspects. Materials 14(8), 1941. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ma14081941
25. Riabchuk, V.P., & Zaiachuk, V.Ya. (2004). Ratsionalne vykorystannia nederevnykh resursiv yak zasib pidvyshchennia produktyvnosti lisu. [Rational use of non-timber resources as a means of increasing forest productivity]. Scientific bulletin of NLTU of Ukraine. Vyp. 14.5. – S. 254 – 260. (in Ukrainian).
26. Richardson, D.M., Pyšek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, M.G., Panetta, F.D., & West, C.J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity Distrib. (6): 93-107.
27. San, H.P., Long, L.K., Zhang, C.Z., Hui, T.C., Seng, W.Y., Lin, F.S., Hun, A.T., & Fong, W.K. (2016). Anatomical Features, Fiber Morphological, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Three Years Old New Hybrid Paulownia: Green Paulownia. Research Journal of Forestry 10(1): 30–35. https://doi. org/10.3923/rjf.2016.30.35
28. Sławińska, N., Zając, J., & Olas, B. (2023). Paulownia Organs as Interesting New Sources of Bioactive Compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(2), 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021676
29. Sobhani, M., Khazaeian, A., Tabarsa, T., & Shakeri, A. (2011). Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Paulownia Wood Core and Fiberglass Surfaces Sandwich Panel. Key Engineering Materials 471– 472: 85–90. https://doi.org/10.4028/www. scientific.net/KEM.471-472.85
30. Takhtajan, A.L. (2009). Flowering Plants. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
31. Vintoniv, I.S., Sopushynskyi, I.M., & Taishinger, A. (2007). Derevoznavstvo. [Wood science: academic. manual] (2nd ed., revised and expanded). Lviv: Apriori. 312 p. (in Ukrainian).
32. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Official website (2021). Decree President of Ukraine On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated October 15, 2021 "On the Biosafety and Biological Defense Strategy" dated December 17, 2021 No. 668/2021. Kyiv. (in Ukrainian). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/668/2021#n5
33. World Flora Online (WFO) Plant List. Snapshopts of the taxonomy. https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list
34. Zayachuk, V.Ya. (2014). Dendrolohiya. [Dendrology]. Textbook: 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Lviv: Spolom. 676 p. (in Ukrainian).
35. Zhu, Z.-H., Chao, C.-Ju, Lu, X.-Yu, & Gao, X. Y. (1986). Paulownia in China: cultivation and utilization. Published by Asian network for biological sciences and international development research centre.
ISSN 
ISSN 
