Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Agronomy and Biology

MYCOBIOTA OF WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM L.) SEEDS DEPENDING ON PROTECTIVE MEASURES

2024-12-23T16:39:45+02:00

The study aimed to investigate the interaction of winter wheat seed mycobiota with various protective systems, including chemical and organic, to improve winter wheat cultivation technologies. Particular attention was paid to establishing the relationship between the use of protective systems and changes in the seed mycobiota composition that affect wheat quality and yield. The research was conducted during 2022–2023 on two varieties of winter wheat: Aliot and Emil. Protective measures were taken at different stages of plant development. Pre-sowing treatment was carried out one day before sowing, and spraying was carried out at the stages of growth according to the BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie): 21–29 (tillering), 37–39 (flag leaf), and 71-77 (milky ripeness). The seed microbiota was analyzed using a biological method with potato glucose agar to detect external and internal infections. For the statistical analysis of the crop data, the Data Analysis tool in Microsoft Excel was used, in particular, the analysis method of variance, which allowed us to determine the influence of various factors on the study's results. The results of the study showed that the weight of 1000 seeds depended more on varietal characteristics than on the use of protective systems. However, it was found that the composition of the microbiota of winter wheat seeds significantly depends on the type of protection system used. In particular, the chemical protection system had the greatest impact on the microbiota composition. It was found that under the conditions of dominance of the fungus Alternaria tenuissima, the use of protective systems leads to a significant decrease in its number and changes in the composition of the fungal complex. At the same time, a significant spread of Penicillium spp. is associated with a significant slowdown in the growth of winter wheat seedlings and inhibition of other fungal species. It was also found that there is a moderate to significant correlation between the number of Fusarium oxysporum colonies and the weight of 1000 seeds. This indicates the negative impact of this fungus on seed filling, which is especially intensified under conditions that favor its development, in particular during favorable weather conditions. Based on the results of the study, the importance of controlling F. oxysporum populations to ensure high quality and yield of winter wheat was established. The results emphasize the need for further research to better understand the factors that influence the interaction between microbiota and defense systems, especially in the context of organic farming, which is considered a promising alternative to pesticides.

DETERMINATION OF ALFALFA RESISTANCE TO ATRAZINE

2024-12-23T16:39:42+02:00

With the rapid development of animal husbandry, finding efficient and sustainable feed resources has become an important issue for the industry's development. Alfalfa is rich in nutrients and has the characteristics of rapid growth and good palatability, which has attracted the attention of many dairy farmers. Atrazine is one of the commonly used herbicides in corn crop, and corn-alfalfa rotation is a common planting mode in the world. However, alfalfa is extremely sensitive to herbicides, so it is crucial to study the resistance of alfalfa to them. Indoor bioassay is a commonly used method for identifying herbicide resistance in crops, which has been widely applied in the study of tolerance to herbicides such as bensulfuron methyl in crops such as alfalfa and soybean. However, there are few reports on indoor bioassay methods for herbicide resistance in alfalfa and related studies on herbicide tolerance in alfalfa. The purpose of this study is to analyze the fresh weight of 60 alfalfa varieties under herbicide stress, to screen resistant and sensitive alfalfa varieties to herbicide influence, to determine the resistance level of alfalfa varieties to herbicide, and to provide theoretical reference for a deeper understanding of herbicide resistance mechanisms and variety improvement in alfalfa. This experiment used the potted soil toxicity method to determine the resistance of 60 alfalfa varieties. The pre experiment concentrations were set as follows: 5.00, 10.00, 20.00, 40.00, 80.00, and 160.00 mg/kg (for resistance determination) and 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 mg/kg (for sensitivity determination. The most resistant variety (SF8001) and the most sensitive variety (Juneng 2) to atrazine were screened. Among them, the IC50 of SF8001 was 14.875, and the IC50 of Juneng 2 was 0.2428. Compared with the variety Juneng 2, the resistance multiple (RI) of SF8001 was 61.26. The experimental results indicate that residual herbicides can have toxic effects on alfalfa, and different types of alfalfa have different resistance to herbicides. This provides a theoretical basis for the study of resistance mechanisms and a scientific basis for the selection of alfalfa varieties for rotation planting in corn crop.

FEATURES OF CORONILLA VARIA L. РOPULATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF STEPPE PHYTOCOENOSES OF THE NATURE RESERVE MYKHAILIVSKA TSILYNA

2024-12-23T16:39:40+02:00

The article is devoted to population studies of the species Coronilla varia L. (Fabaceae) in the plant communities of the Mykhailivska Tsilyna Nature Reserve, which can serve as a basis for developing recommendations for the regime of use, conservation and protection of steppe biodiversity. The article presents a structural analysis of the flora of the phytocenoses in which the studied populations grew. Populations No. 1 and No. 2 grew in the phytocoenosis of Poetum angustifoliae arrhenatheretosum elatii. Population No. 3 – in the phytocoenosis of Festucetum valesiacae. The results of studies of the state of three populations of Coronilla varia L. in the conditions of steppe phytocenoses of the Mykhailivska Tsilyna Nature Reserve, which grew on the territory of the reserve, as well as in the adjacent territories and differed in the mode of use, protection and the term of conservation, are presented. The dependence of the main population parameters (population density, size of the population field), as well as growth processes on the ecological conditions of the territory and the degree of anthropogenic impact was analyzed. The results of the morphometric analysis of C. varia populations are presented in the form of morphograms. The relationship of morphometric characters of individuals of populations with the peculiarities of their habitat is analyzed. The assessment of the density of three populations of C. varia in the Mykhailivska Tsilyna Nature Reserve showed that the absence of haymaking, which results in the formation of a significant layer of plant litter, on the one hand, delays the species' occupation of a new phytocoenosis territory, which affects the size of the population field (it has a small area), and on the other hand, contributes to an increase in the density of the species' populations. As a result of the study of growth processes, it was found that at the initial stages, favorable conditions are created for the growth of C. varia populations under the haying regime, compared to phytocenoses without this effect. This is due to the absence of significant plant litter and, as a result, plants accumulate green mass more efficiently and successfully vegetate. At later stages of plant development, the influence of other environmental factors is added to mowing. The state of individuals of C. varia populations in steppe phytocoenoses directly depends on the organization of the haying regime, as well as on the influence of abiotic and biotic factors determined by the growth conditions of the species. Haying contributes to the normal passage of plants through all stages of their development and the realization of the genetic potential of the species. Individuals of populations of the species that grew in the area with regular haymaking had higher values of morphological parameters compared to populations in the area without haymaking.

SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ENTOMOPHAGES OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN INDUSTRIAL APPLE ORCHARDS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE REGION OF UKRAINE

2024-12-23T16:39:37+02:00

The study presents the findings on the species composition of entomophages of the San Jose scale in the ecosystems of industrial apple orchards subjected to varying levels of insecticide pressure. The dominant species of entomophages were identified, along with their role in regulating the pest population. The research followed standard methodologies (Stankevych, 2022; Frewin et al., 2019; Brovdii et al., 2003) and was conducted during 2023 – 2024 in industrial apple orchards of winter apple varieties located in the Cherkasy region (Uman National University of Horticulture) and the Vinnytsia region (PJSC "Druzhba–VM"). The apple varieties studied were Jonagold, Idared, Renet Simirenko, and Golden Delicious. In each orchard, five model trees of each variety were selected, from which samples were collected. The results showed that five species of entomophages regulate the population of the San Jose scale in the apple orchard ecosystems. These species are divided into two groups: predatory insects, including Anthocoris nemorum L., Chilocorus bipustulatus L., and Chilocorus renipustulatus Scr.; and parasitic insects, including Aphytis mytilaspidis Leb. and Prospaltella perniciosi Tow. Among the predatory insects, Chilocorus bipustulatus was the dominant species, making up about 60 % of the total number of predatory insects of the San Jose scale, with a density of 0.5 – 1.4 individuals per tree. The level of parasitism of the San Jose scale varied between orchards with different insecticide treatment frequencies, ranging from 2.7 % in orchards treated four times with insecticides to 8.3 % in those treated twice. The highest level of parasitism (80 %) was observed in Prospaltella perniciosi, which parasitized both crawler larvae and adult scales. These findings indicate that, in the studied region, entomophages play a limited role in regulating the population of the San Jose scale under current agroecosystem conditions.

FEATURES OF THE APPLICATION OF COVER CROPS AS A WAY TO INCREASE THE YIELD OF THE FOLLOWING CROPS

2024-12-23T16:39:30+02:00

The article highlights the peculiarities of using cover crops as a promising method of increasing the yield of the main crops and increasing the potential of soils in the countries of the world and in Ukraine. Usually, the average producer of agricultural products looks for ways to increase the yield of agricultural crops through the least resistance by applying mineral fertilizers that affect the level of harvest in the short term. At the same time, the resources of the planet Earth are gradually being exhausted, the effects of geopolitical crises are taking place, which leads to an increase in the price of the main types of fertilizers and a decrease in their supply on the market. Thus, it becomes more and more difficult to achieve an increase in the yield level, taking into account the trends. Accordingly, the solution that partially covers the need for fertilizer in this case is the use of cover crops. And separately, the cultivation of cover crops in the best possible way affects the improvement of the general condition of the soil cover, the development of useful microflora, the improvement of the aggregate composition of the soil, the slowing down of soil erosion, moisture retention, suppression of weeds and other parameters that allow growing a higher-quality crop and preserving soil potential in every country in the world. Understanding this, governments in many countries of the world implement policies to support farmers, aimed at increasing the area of cover crops. At the same time, in developing countries, the use of cover crops is determined by each farmer individually. Therefore, in order to cover the lack of information on the topic and focus the farmer's attention on the main principles and benefits and risks of using cover crops, the author offers this article. In global practice, there are many technological approaches to the cultivation of cover crops. To one degree or another, they correspond to the conditions of the territory and the agro-meteorological parameters of a particular region. The issue of using mixtures of cover crop plants requires a more detailed study, since among the list of cultivated plants used for sowing as siderates there are species that have their own characteristics in terms of the amount of biomass or branched root system. Thus, under the conditions of a specific region, it is important to choose the right cultivated plants, which will ensure, for example, a reduction in soil compaction or an increase in the content of organic matter. The issues of the method of sowing and the method of grinding also require a separate information base.

ONTOGENETIC STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS FESTUCA VALESIACA GAUD. АND FESTUCA PRATENSIS HUDS. ІN THE NATURE RESERVE MYKHAILIVSKA TSILYNA AND IN THE ADJACENT TERRITORIES

2024-12-23T16:39:28+02:00

The results of studying the ontogenetic structure of the population are presented of Festuca valesiaca Gaud. and Festuca pratensis Huds., which grow in the Nature Reserve Mykhailivska Tsilyna (within its historical part and the new one, which was added after 2009) and in the adjacent territories. The analysis was carried out in accordance with generally accepted approaches. It was accompanied by the formation of ontogenetic spectra of the studied populations, assessment of their completeness and symmetry, calculations of a number of indices (renewability, generativity, aging, age, efficiency), determination of the belonging of populations to the corresponding types. The analysis of the ontogenetic structure proved that the populations of Festuca valesiaca and Festuca pratensis have the potential for sustainable functioning as part of the phytocenoses of the Nature Reserve Mykhailivska Tsilyna. This statement is based on the predominance of invasive processes characteristic of all studied populations of both species (at values of the index of recovery less than 1), the absence of subsenile and senile plants in their composition and the belonging of populations to such types as transitional, maturing and mature. Against the background of general trends, certain specific features regarding the functioning of populations and, at the same time, also the response to the features of the application of nature protection measures were also registered. In the historical part of the reserve, where the nature conservation regime has been introduced since 1928, the selfmaintenance of the Festuca pratensis population is more complicated than the population of Festuca valesiaca, whose ontogenetic spectra in the range of stages from seedlings (p) to mid-generative (g2) are continuous (in Festuca pratensis in this range in the composition of the spectra, there are no juvenile and young generative plants), and the values of the aging index are reduced to 0. At the same time, the population of Festuca pratensis growing in the new territory of the reserve, which is mostly represented by fallows of different ages, has a more balanced ontogenetic structure, which indicates a fairly successful formation of young plants in its composition (the index of regeneration is 14.71 %), and an effective implementation of the processes of ontogenetic development when a significant proportion of plants reach a generative ontogenetic state (the generativity index reaches 85.29 %). The results of the analysis of the ontogenetic structure of even a small number of populations of two species, which play an important role in the formation of the vegetation cover of the Reserve Mykhailivska Tsilyna, indicate a fairly high level of informativeness of the population analysis in revealing the leading features and patterns of the functioning of the vegetation cover of the reserve, and accordingly, the need to expand and detailing population studies within its limits.

STUDY OF THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EFFECTIVE USE OF BACTERIAL PREPARATIONS IN THE GROWING OF CORN IN THE TRAINING OF HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN THE SPECIALTY OF "AGRONOMY"

2024-12-23T16:39:25+02:00

Corn is of strategic importance for Ukraine, the area under which in recent years is at the level of 4.26–5.39 million hectares. One of the reserves for increasing the yield of corn and reducing the cost of cultivation is the use of bacterial preparations as an alternative to synthetic substances. The purpose of the research is to improve the technology of growing corn hybrids through the use of bacterial preparations and to establish the peculiarities of formation depending on the biologization of cultivation in the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe. Research methods – hypothesis, observation, experiment, laboratory, field, visual and comparative-calculation methods were used in the research. The research was carried out in the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe in the holding of "Organik-D" LLC, township. Skirmishes The soil of the experimental field was gray forest with a medium-loamy mechanical composition, with agrochemical parameters typical for this type of soil. In the course of research, the effectiveness of the bacterial preparation of the nitrogen fixer Biomag at the rate of 1.5 l/ha was determined for the formation of a complex of economic and valuable traits and the productivity of the investigated corn hybrids of different maturity groups. Research results. In the studied hybrids of corn, regardless of the maturity group, the introduction of the bacterial preparation Biomag contributed to the improvement of growth processes and the formation of the architecture of the crop. On average over the years of research, the highest value of plant height and cob attachment was noted for two applications of the bacterial preparation Biomag in the phase of 4-6 and 8-10 leaves of corn: Silvercloud (FAO 200) – 249.9 cm and 73.5 cm, LH 30215 (FAO 220) – 258.5 and 76.8 cm, KVS Fernando (FAO 260) – 264.8 and 84.7 cm, DKS 3476 (FAO 260) – 269.9 and 89.2 cm, VN 6763 (FAO 320) – 292.4 and 108.2 cm, Tesla (FAO 350) – 309.5 and 110.5 cm, respectively. With the extension of the duration of the vegetation period of the studied hybrids, the values of plant height and cob attachment also increased. The "number of rows of grains" turned out to be a genetically determined trait that practically did not change after the introduction of the bacterial preparation Biomag. At the same time, the number of grains in a row and the weight of 1000 grains, on the contrary, turned out to be more variable characteristics that significantly depended on the maturity group of the hybrid and the application of the bacterial preparation Biomag, and they were the highest when this bacterial preparation was applied twice in phase 4–6 and 8–10 sheets – 39.1 pcs. and 235.6 g, 37.6 pcs. and 248.9 g, 41.6 pcs. and 279.5 g, 40.5 pcs. and 280.5 g, 43.3 pcs. and 289.2 g and 42.9 pcs. and 293.6 g, respectively, for the hybrids Silvercloud (FAO 200), LH 30215 (FAO 220), KVS Fernando (FAO 260), DKS 3476 (FAO 260), VN 6763 (FAO 320), Tesla (FAO 350). The use of a two-time application of the bacterial preparation Biomag in the phase of 4-6 and 8-10 leaves of corn ensured the formation of the highest grain yield in the studied corn hybrids – Silvercloud (FAO 200) – 7.74 / ha, LH 30215 (FAO 220) – 7.98 t /ha, KVS Fernando (FAO 260) – 10.46 t/ha, DKS 3476 (FAO 260) – 10.37 t/ha, VN 6763 (FAO 320) – 11.42 t/ha, Tesla (FAO 350) – 11.72 t/ha.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ECO-CONTROL ON THE CONDITION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN SUMY REGION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW

2024-12-23T16:39:23+02:00

One of the priority issues for modern society is the preservation of the environment. An effective means of its protection is the implementation of eco-control on the use of natural resources and the degree of anthropogenic pressure on them. In Ukraine, an integral and important component of the implementation of the state policy on state supervision (control) in the field of environmental protection, rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources is the activity of the State Environmental Inspection. The purpose of this article is to analyze the work of the State Environmental Inspection in the Sumy region under martial law. The research was conducted based on the results of processing reports on the implementation of state supervision (control), which are published on the official website of the institution. It was established that before the start of the full-scale military invasion of russia, the majority of inspections of the State Environmental Inspection in the Sumy region (scheduled and unscheduled) were conducted in the areas of waste and chemical substances management, protection of water resources, atmospheric air, land fund and subsurface resources. In 2023, 1235 exclusively unscheduled inspections were carried out, mainly in the areas of flora protection – 671 (54%), fishery resources – 171 (14%) and waste and chemical management – 121 (10%). Compared to 2022, for 2023, most of the protocols were drawn up in relation to the illegal extraction of fish resources – 168 protocols (43%), about 39% of the protocols were drawn up in the field of flora protection – 152 protocols, while in the field of waste and chemical management substances account for only 9% of the compiled protocols – 33 protocols. According to the results of inspections carried out in 2022–2024, fines were imposed in the total amount of 282.597 thousand UAH, of which the largest amount was for violations in the areas of flora protection – 154.224 thousand UAH, handling of waste and chemical substances – 39.083 thousand UAH and protection of fish resources – UAH 31.824.000. As of January 1, 2024, losses caused by the pollution of surface water bodies as a result of hostilities totaled 1,834 billion UAH, the total amount of losses due to pollution of land resources – 656.382 million UAH, atmospheric air – 222.224 million UAH. During 2022–2024, damage to the environment in Sumy region, not related to hostilities, in the amount of UAH 193.460 million was caused in total. In the conditions of wartime, one of the priority areas of work was the assessment of the impact of the war on the state of the environment and its components. At the same time, special attention is paid to determining the damage and losses caused to Ukraine as a result of russia's armed aggression. At the same time, a number of problematic issues arise, due to the imperfection of the methods on the basis of which the extent of the damage is determined. Therefore, the emergence of new approaches to the assessment of damage caused by military actions is positive.

STATUS AND CURRENT ISSUES OF BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION OF THE TERRITORIES AND OBJECTS OF THE NATURE RESERVE FUND OF THE STEPANIVSKA TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

2024-12-23T16:39:20+02:00

The publication presents the results of the assessment of the current state of biodiversity of the botanical reserve of local importance “Pidlisnivskyi”, the hydrological natural monument of local importance “Dzherela H.M. Yunaka” and the botanical natural monument of local importance “Sukhanovy Oak”, located within the Stepanivska settlement territorial community of Sumy region. The work is based on generally accepted floristic and geobotanical research methods. In terms of landscape, the “Pidlisnivskyi” reserve is a gully with preserved meadow-steppe vegetation, the “Dzherela H.M. Yunaka” natural monument is a part of the floodplain complex of the small Huska River, and the “Sukhanovy Oak” natural monument is a single centuries-old tree within the village development. As a result of the research, 116 plant species were identified in the “Pidlisnivskyi” reserve, 40 in the “Dzherela H.M. Yunaka” natural monument, and 10 within the “Sukhanovy Oak” natural monument. Plant species representing rare phytodiversity were found only in the “Pidlisnivskyi” reserve. Among them are four plant species, included in the Red Book of Ukraine, as well as 11 regionally rare plant species included in the List of Plant, Animal and Fungal Species Subject to Special Protection in the Sumy Region. The results of the research showed that the “Pidlisnivskyi” reserve needs to create a protection zone at least 50 meters wide, the “Dzherela H.M. Yunaka” natural monument needs to be cleared of clutter, and the “Sukhanovy Oak” natural monument needs treatment and landscaping. It is necessary to install information and protection signs and information boards within the boundaries of all three protected areas, as well as to monitor the state of biodiversity in their territories in order to prevent deterioration of quantitative and qualitative characteristics. It is noted that the total area of the objects of the nature reserve fund of the Stepanivska settlement territorial community is 20.76 hectares, which is only 0.16% of the total area of the community and is insufficient to form a strong basis for the ecological framework of this territory. Accordingly, it is proposed to increase the area of the “Pidlisnivskyi” reserve by approximately 2.5 to 3 times, and the area of the “Dzherela H.M. Yunaka” natural monument by 10 times at the expense of the adjacent territories where rare species of plants and animals have been found.

INFLUENCE OF PRE-HARVEST PREPARATION OF CROPS ON THE QUALITY OF QUINOA SEED

2024-12-23T16:39:18+02:00

Quinoa seeds have a short dormancy period or no one, sometimes they be able to germinate on the maternal plant. This process is facilitated by rainy, humid weather. Such seed characteristics have a number of negative consequences: deterioration of the crop quantity, quality reduction of the seed material. To optimize the growing of many cultivated plants, innovative measures have been developed to increase the production and quality of seeds. The use of herbicidal desiccants is a reasonable alternative for producers, with the aim of preserving the crop and minimizing the process of seed spoilage in the field condition. In addition, desiccation and senication play an important role in overcoming non-simultaneous ripening of seeds in crop. Carrying out pre-harvest desiccation of the crop requires a preliminary determination of the effectiveness of a certain substance, its dose and analysis of the influence of environmental factors. The research aimed to determine the effect of preharvest desiccation and senication on the quality of quinoa seeds. Experiments were carried out for 2021- 2023 on quinoa crop of Quartet variety, on the territory of the educational and scientific complex of the Sumy National Agrarian University. The area of the accounting plot was 15 m2, the experiment was repeated three times. Variants for preharvest treatment were: desiccation with Glyfovit Extra, 2.5 kg/ha; desiccation with Reglon Super, 2.5 l/ha; senication with a 16% solution of ammonium nitrate, 50.0 kg/ha; сontrol – without treatment. Before applying the pre-harvest treatment, the moisture content of the seeds was determined. Harvesting began in 20 days after treatment. The collected seeds were analyzed for moisture content, germination energy and laboratory germination. After sowing the seeds next season, the field germination was determined. The use of Reglon Super, Glyfovit Extra and ammonium nitrate for pre-harvest treatment revealed statistically significant differences in germination energy and laboratory germination. The best results of seed quality values (germination energy and laboratory germination) were achieved in the variant with pre-harvest senication: 85.72 and 88.34%. The preparations used in the experiment showed different effectiveness in terms of field germination of seeds, however, the indicators on all variants were higher compared to the control. Among the processing options, the highest field similarity was noted in the option with haying – 79.40%. The use of desiccation and senication as measures of pre-harvest seed treatment did not cause negative consequences for seed germination both in laboratory and field conditions. Desiccation with the preparations Glyfovit Extra and Reglon Super does not lead to a deterioration of the sowing properties of seeds, and senication has a positive effect, improves germination both in the laboratory and in the field.

CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO THE SYNOPSIS TO THE PARASITE OROBANCHE CUMANA WALLR.

2024-12-23T16:39:16+02:00

The process of infection of different sunflower hybrids with different resistance to the parasite by Orobanche сumana was studied to evaluate the cellular mechanisms of resistance. The results obtained indicate that all sunflower hybrids were affected by the pathogen. However, the degree of infection with sunflower broomrape was different and depended on the unequal resistance of the hybrids. No sunflower hybrids with complete immunity to Orobanche cumana were found. When infected with broomrape, the resistance response of sunflower hybrids did not occur at the early stages of the parasite's life cycle: before attachment, after germination and attachment to roots (before the formation of haustoria) and after the formation of haustoria. In the discussion, the cellular mechanisms of sunflower resistance to the parasite are analyzed. The molecular genetic aspects of plant innate immunity are characterized. The molecular bases of plant resistance to pathogens are generalized. New effective approaches for controlling the parasite Orobanche cumana in sunflower are outlined. The elucidation of certain molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance of different hybrids to the pathogen opens a new promising direction in reducing the infection of hybrids by the parasite through the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by drugs that cause the formation of reactive oxygen species and trigger plant defense responses through programmed cell death at the sites of infection and cause pathogen necrosis. In this context, the directions of searching for new promising chemicals that can be used to develop biological herbicides and fungicides that are inducers of systemic resistance to control the pathogen are presented. Promising compounds that induce ROS signaling systems and trigger priming of defense responses and induce systemic resistance against pathogens for the treatment of viral, bacterial and phytoplasmic diseases and control of parasitic plants that are difficult to control by traditional chemical methods are considered.

INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON POTATO DEVELOPMENT

2024-12-23T16:39:14+02:00

The study focuses on analyzing the impact of biostimulants on potato crops, taking into account such aspects as vegetation parameters, yield and quality of marketable tubers. The biostimulants affect the physiological processes of potatoes, namely: increasing the efficiency of nutrient uptake from the soil, improving the abiotic resistance of plants and accelerating the process of photosynthesis. The preparations used in the study contributed to the increase of the genetic potential of potatoes. Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness of different types of biostimulants in increasing plant productivity, including increasing the weight of tubers and improving their consumer qualities. The results of the study confirm that biostimulants not only contribute to better plant growth, but also increase potato yield and stress resistance to unfavorable conditions of the Ukrainian forest-steppe. This is manifested in an increase in the average weight of tubers and the number of tubers per bush, which contributes to an increase in the total weight of the crop per unit area. In addition, in particularly dry years, a significant improvement in the quality and marketability of potato tubers was found. Biostimulants, in particular, are able to improve the physical parameters of tubers, which plays an important role in increasing their keeping quality and overall potato quality. This, in turn, can lead to higher incomes for farmers due to better quality potato products that meet market requirements. The use of biostimulants can also contribute to more stable yields during fluctuating climatic conditions, as some products improve the ability of plants to adapt to severe weather conditions in the region, such as dryness or excessive rainfall. After harvesting, the potatoes were stored in a storage facility for five months and, compared to the control, had better physical and chemical characteristics and better resistance to diseases during storage. Thus, the use of biostimulants in potato agronomy is an effective method for increasing not only yields but also the overall quality of products, which makes them an important tool in modern agriculture. The potential of biostimulants has not yet been fully realized, so research on the use of biostimulants continues.

THE ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE CULTIVATION OF THE CABBAGE FAMILY’S OIL CROPS ACCORDING TO THE APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHEASTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2024-12-23T16:39:12+02:00

Thanks to the introduction of economic methods of market regulation, Ukraine’s oil-and-fat complex is the only sector of agricultural production with the balance between the economic interests of the state, the agricultural and processing spheres of production, and the domestic consumer. This is proved by the obtained profits, levels of profitability, and indicators of energy efficiency coefficients. Due to the biological features and biochemical composition of the oil of the cabbage family’s oil crops, they are becoming more important every year, and today, they have moved from the category of “experimental” to the category of “interesting” for agricultural producers as an alternative to traditional oil crops, particularly, sunflower. It has been proven that the cultivation of the cabbage family’s oil crops under the conditions of the northeastern foreststeppe of Ukraine is profitable from economic and energy points of view. The maximum profitability level (135–138%) was obtained for the cabbage family’s oil crops without mineral fertilizers. The calculated structure of costs for the cultivation of the cabbage family’s oil crops, such as brown, white, black mustard, and spring rape: on average, labor costs for all crops are 5–12%; seeds – 2–6% (domestic) and 7–14% (foreign); means of protection – 11–36%; fuel – 20–44%; other expenses are about 20%. The application of mineral fertilizers at the rates: N30P30K30 (16–20%), N60P60K60 (26–31%), and N90P90K90 (33–39 %). The maximum values of the energy efficiency coefficient (Kee = 3.49–4.70 %) for all studied varieties were provided by factors such as the absence of mineral nutrition and foliar feeding. Applying fertilizers led to decreased energy efficiency in all variants of the cultivation of the cabbage family’s oil crops. Energy efficiency coefficients decreased by 1.09–1.36 when fertilizers were applied at the rate of N30P30K30, and N60P60K60 by 1.47–1.94 and N90P90K90 by 1.78–2.40, respectively, compared to the control.