Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Agronomy and Biology

HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER STATUS OF THE SOUTHERN BUG RIVER WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF VINNICHCHINA

Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

It is highlighted that in modern conditions, the surface waters of land are subject to significant anthropogenic influence, as a result of which their natural state is significantly changed and the possibility of using certain water bodies for economic and drinking needs is significantly limited. Since the drinking water supply of Ukraine is carried out mainly at the expense of surface water, objective information about the condition of water bodies, established on the basis of hygienic and ecological criteria, becomes extremely important and relevant. It was established that the influence of the economic and household activities of the village of Kolyukhiv, Vinnytsia region, on the pollution of the South Bug River within its borders is determined by the influx of nitrogenous substances, which lead to an increase in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrites and nitrates. The source of nitrogen input to the river water is surface runoff washing and the development of soil erosion processes from the adjacent shorelines, which are used for homestead farming and gardening. As a result of the research, it was found that in a sample of water taken from the South Bug River within the village of Kolyukhiv, Vinnytsia region, 1 km upstream in the forest plantation zone, the hydrogen pH is 7.8, the ammonium nitrogen content is 0.3 mg/l nitrite concentration – 2.7 mg/l, nitrate content – 39.6 mg/l, calcium content – 86.0 mg/l, chloride – 147.4 mg/l, and in the selected water sample 1 km downstream in the zone of intensive farming (homesteads), the hydrogen pH was 8.4, the content of ammonium nitrogen was 0.8 mg/l, the concentration of nitrites was 3.7 mg/l, the concentration of nitrates was 69.3 mg/l, the content calcium – 96.6 mg/l, chlorides – 164.2 mg/l. The main way to limit the flow of nitrogenous substances into the river is to observe sanitary protection zones along the river's perimeter. The sanitary and protective zone of the South Bug River should be 100 m, and in fact it is 10 m within the village. Therefore, the main measure is the expansion of the sanitary and protective zone to 100 m and its observance, which will allow reducing the content of ammonium nitrogen in the river water by 62% , nitrates – by 27%, nitrites – by 48%.

IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTANCE TO MELON FUSARIUM WILT IN SEVEN HYBRID COMBINATIONS OF PUMPKINS

Rui Chen — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Melon wilt disease, also known as wilt disease, occurs from the seedling stage to the adult stage of plants. According to previous research, grafting is an effective means to improve the resistance of melons and Solanaceae vegetables to soil borne diseases and pests. With the popularization of vegetable grafting, the demand for rootstocks has rapidly increased. Therefore, this experiment takes seven pumpkin hybrid combinations as the research object, studies the resistance of different hybrid combinations to wilt disease, selects pumpkin hybrid combination rootstocks with strong resistance, and provides reference for grafting cultivation in production. The research results indicate that 10 days after inoculation with pathogens, the overall plant infection in the early stage was not significantly affected by the pathogens, and there was no significant difference between the various hybrid combinations. On the 20th day of inoculation with pathogens, Yanbian-3×360-3 showed significant differences in plant height and chlorophyll indicators compared to other pumpkin rootstock hybrid combinations. On the 30th day of pathogen inoculation, Yanbian-3×360-3 showed significantly higher plant stem diameter indicators than other pumpkin rootstock hybrid combinations, showing significant differences from other pumpkin hybrid combinations. Therefore, it can be concluded that Yanbian-3×360-3 had the optimal relative growth rate. Moreover, on the 30th day of pathogen inoculation, the leaf disease index was 52.67%, and the stem disease index was 37.92%, indicating that Yanbian-3×360-3 was less affected by pathogen infection and has stronger resistance to wilt disease. On the 30th day after inoculation with pathogenic bacteria, the investigation showed that the disease index of leaves in Yanbian-2×041-1 was 54.67%, and the disease index of stem dissection was 45.83%. Hetoua2×041-1, with a leaf disease index of 95.33% and a stem cutting disease index of 87.92%. Among the seven pumpkin hybrid combinations, Yanbian-3×360-3 and Yanbian-2×041-1 have the best disease resistance and are neutral disease resistant combinations; Hetoua2×041-1 has the most severe incidence and is a highly susceptible combination. The two pumpkin rootstocks, Yanbian-3×360-3 and Yanbian-2×041-1, have good resistance to melon wilt disease and can be used as grafting rootstocks for melon wilt disease resistance. Considering the affinity between grafting rootstocks and scions and the impact on yield after grafting, further verification is needed in the later stage.

BEECH FORESTS OF THE "VYZHNYTSKYI NATIONAL NATURAL PARK": CURRENT SANITARY CONDITION AND PROBLEMS OF PRESERVATION

Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The beech primeval forests of the Vyzhnytskyi National Natural Park are a unique cultural heritage and play a special role for the Carpathian region and Ukraine as a whole, therefore they are strictly protected in the territories of the nature reserve fund, performing ecological, educational and scientific-cognitive functions. In this regard, monitoring the current state of the beech forests of the Vyzhnytskyi National Natural Park and highlighting the problem of their preservation becomes relevant. In the course of conducting research, classical and modern methods of forestry research were used, as well as specific methods of phytosanitary monitoring and comparative ecology. The massif of primeval beech forests of the Vyzhnytskyi National Natural Park is characterized by a remarkable diversity of fungi. We identified fruiting bodies of wood-destroying fungi on the trunks of beech trees: Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Gill., Daedalea quercina L. ex Fr., Phellinus igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quel, Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing., Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél., Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers., Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not., Аrmillariella mellea (Vahl) P.Karst., and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P.Kumm. Groups of Coprinus micaceus (Fr.) and Hypholoma capnoides (Fr. ex Fr.) Kumm were noted near rotten beech stumps. We also came across a unique find the invasive red-listed Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring. In the course of surveys, fruiting bodies of typical representatives of the marsupial class Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev., and Xylaria hypoxylon (L.: Fr.) Grev). Representatives of xylophilic ascomycetes were identified on the dead trunk of a European beech Bisporella citrina (Batsch) Korf et S.E. Carp. Symptoms of dieback of central shoots and side branches, dieback of European beech bark, which is directly related to the vital activity of Nectria ditissima Tul., were recorded. & C.Tul. Cumulative manifestations of infectious and non-infectious pathologies were noted. The problems of preserving the beech forests of the Vyzhnytskyi National Natural Park should include: intensive and uncontrolled economic activity; irresponsible behavior of tourists (arson, mechanical damage, littering, poaching, etc.); construction of highways and tourist centers in the immediate vicinity of primeval forests; damage to forest stands due to atmospheric air pollution, climate change; significant spread of pests or pathogens of forest diseases; danger of forest fires; recreational load and livestock grazing. Given the role and importance of the beech forests of the Vyzhnytskyi National Natural Park, a comprehensive study of the forest systems is necessary to preserve these unique resources.

FLORISTIC FINDS RARE SPECIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE FOREST TERRITORIES OF THE LOWER PART SNOV RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN

Ye. V. Asmakovskyi, Yu. O. Karpenko — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents the results of floristic research conducted during July – October 2023 on the territory of the Bereznyan Forestry, Chernihiv Forestry within the Chernihiv District of the Chernihiv Region, in the vicinity of the villages: Snovyanka, Petrovo, Gorytsia, Boromyki, Morgulichi, Bigach. The territory of research refers to the Chernihiv Polissya, which is one of the richest centers of phytodiversity in the northern part of the left bank of Ukraine, the hydrological and climatic conditions of which are favorable for the formation of forest phytocenoses of various types. The percentage of the protected area of the research region is 46%, which gives reasons to state that the plant cover of this territory is of sufficient rare value. The forest massifs are dominated by medieval and emerging stands, in some places by old mature areas within the nature reserve territories. During the research, 42 habitats of 11 rare species of vascular plants were identified, namely: 3 species from the Red Book of Ukraine (Lycopodium annotinum L., Lilium martagon L., Epipactis helleborine L.), and 8 regionally rare species (Equisetum hyemale L., Polypodium vulgare L., Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn,, Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb. (J. pseudocyanoides Klokov), Vinca minor L., Fragaria moschata (Duchesne) Weston, Digitalis lanata Ehrh, Chimaphila umbellata (L. ) W. Barton.). Most of the finds of rare species of vascular plants were discovered, both in typical and nontypical conditions of local growth, in the territories of the nature reserve fund of local status, in particular: in the forest reserves: "Malieve", "Bigatskyi forest", in the botanical reserve "Tserkivka ", in the protected tracts: "Morgulichi" and "Lutsykiv gai", which are characterized by various biotope conditions – from excessively moistened, shaded areas to illuminated terraced forest and floodplains. Identified places of rare flora were recorded using GPS navigation with a link to an interactive map of the Google Maps resource with coordinates corresponding to each locality.

GREEN ROOFS AS A DIRECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

R. A. Valerko, L. O. Herasymchuk, I. V. Belmega, Ye. G. Shatsilo — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Green roofs are artificial ecosystems that provide a natural solution to environmental problems such as climate change and the urban heat island. Green roofs help save both cooling and heating energy; settle solid particles and reduce air pollution; control effluents and water pollution; increase the amount of biodiversity and ensure its sustainability, as well as have aesthetic and psychological benefits and thus play a significant role in ensuring the sustainable development of cities. The goal of this study was the systematization and analysis of scientific research in the field of green roofs. The analysis of literary sources was carried out using the VOSviewer program. The constructed cloud of bibliographic research consists of 4 clusters, which were conventionally named: "green roofs", "cities", "conservation of natural resources" and "water". An analysis of literary sources was carried out according to the main keywords of the corresponding cluster. In particular, two key terms were singled out in the green cluster (cities), namely atmospheric air quality and climate. Green roofs have the potential to reduce emissions of toxic pollutants when implemented on a large scale and can have a positive effect on air quality, and are also able to regulate the urban thermal climate thanks to vegetation that lowers the air temperature in the city and provides thermal insulation of urban buildings and structures. In the red cluster (conservation of natural resources), the most attention is paid to the terms carbon dioxide absorption, biodiversity and sustainable development. Grasses have been proven to offset more CO2 emissions over the life cycle of green roofs, and the annual carbon sequestration capacity of green roofs ranges from 0.37 to 30.12 kg/m2. Green roofs are not only a potential home for local biodiversity, but also provide refuge for rare and endangered bird species and provide a safe habitat for invertebrates and vertebrates in urban areas. A significant number of co-benefits have been demonstrated, covering a wide range of sustainable development areas, suggesting green roofs as a popular engineering application worldwide to combat climate change, mitigate urban heat islands, and improve air and water quality. The most iconic terms of the blue cluster (rain) are: rainwater collection and retention of runoff from roofs. Green roofs, due to their ability to retain precipitation, are an effective method of reducing the load on urban drainage systems.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT WITH OAT EXTRACT ON THE PROCESSES OF RHIZOGENESIS IN THE «YUVIVATA 60» VARIETY DURING THE STAGES OF SPRING TILLERING AND TILLER EMERGENCE

D. H. Volhin, V. M. Havii — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The application of modern approaches to wheat cultivation allows ensuring production stability, increasing yield, and reducing the impact of negative environmental factors on the final product. Such productivity enhancement is a crucial element in ensuring food security not only at the local but also at the global level. This work presents the results of experimental research related to the processes of rhizogenesis, specifically the quantitative formation of roots and the length of these roots in winter wheat plants of the 'Yuvivata 60' variety treated with pre-sowing oat extract at different concentrations. Over the course of a two-year study, it was found that seed treatment with oat extract promotes positive dynamics in root formation and morpho-physiological changes in winter wheat plants at different stages of their life cycle, particularly in the stage of spring tillering and the heading stage. As a result of pre-sowing treatment with oat extract, the following positive changes occur: in the tillering phase, the highest number of additional roots in winter wheat was formed with pre-sowing seed treatment with oat extract at a concentration of 30%, and the excess concentration amounted to 32.3% compared to the control indicators. Additionally, at concentrations of 3% and 6%, the number of lateral roots exceeded control values by 12.9% and 29.0%, respectively. Regarding root length, the highest values were also recorded with the treatment of a 30% extract solution, surpassing control indicators by 7.7%. In the spring tillering phase, for pre-sowing seed treatment with 6% and 15% oat extract, root length exceeded control values by 44% in both variants. The highest linear indicators of average root length were recorded with the treatment of a 30% oat extract solution, measuring 14.5 cm, which was 61% more than control indicators. The greatest number of formed additional roots in the spring tillering phase was observed with seed treatment using a 30% solution of oat extract, surpassing control values by 35%. Overall, the increase in biometric indicators of rhizogenesis – the formation of the root system – becomes more effective; the increase in the length and quantity of lateral roots contributes to the development of a more advanced plant with greater potential for crop production. The highest indicators of these characteristics are observed with pre-sowing seed treatment with oat extract at a concentration of 30%. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with oat extract can be an important and effective component in the technology of cultivating grain crops, contributing to their increased productivity.

PECULIARITIES OF CO2 EMISSION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ON DRAINED SOILS OF DIFFERENT USES IN THE WESTERN POLISSYA ZONE OF UKRAINE

V. A. Gavryliuk, R. Ya. Melymuka — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Due to the current trends in climate change, accompanied by an increase in the average annual air temperature, which accelerates the greenhouse effect – CO2 emissions, research and measures to minimize the loss of organic carbon from the soil cover, which is also the basis of soil humus (organic matter), are becoming increasingly important. Measurements of CO2 emission intensity were carried out using a portable gas analyzer Testo 535. The measurements were carried out for 1 min in an isolated chamber with a volume of 2645 ml, and microbiological activity was determined by the method of intensity of decomposition of linen fabric by E. Mishustin for a period of 50 days, the indicator is expressed as a percentage of decomposition of linen fabric relative to its initial weight. The article presents the results of a three-year period of research on biological parameters, namely the determination of CO2 emission and microbiological activity, drainage of mineral and organogenic soils and the dynamics of changes in parameters. It was found that CO2 emission and soil microbiological activity on organogenic soils are more than a third higher than on mineral soils, and the dependence of the parameters on the degree of soil cultivation was also established. The dynamics of changes in the above parameters over the three-year research period was determined, as a result of which it was determined that on mineral soils the greatest losses of CO2 emissions were recorded in the second year of research, the same applies to the indicator of soil microbiological activity. In addition, the interdependence of soil microbiological activity and CO2 emission intensity, the dependence of indicators on the purpose of the experimental plots, and the degree of soil cultivation was established. The article presents the features and recommendations for the rational use of drained soils for farming, aimed at minimizing CO2 emissions and increasing the activity of soil microorganisms. The authors also emphasized the urgent issue of the feasibility of using drained peatlands in agriculture, given the policy of reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere that exists in Europe and Ukraine.

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROTECTANTS ON THE SPREAD OF ROOT ROTS CAUSES AND THE YIELD OF SPRING BARLEY

Ya. V. Hetman — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Researching the effectiveness of using fungicides against pathogens of grain crops and their impact on plant productivity is an urgent task for modern agricultural production. This article examines such aspects of the use of fungicides as their effect, on effectiveness in combating diseases, and ensuring conditions for the formation of a spring barley crop of the Helios variety. We conducted research using three chemical fungicides with the active substances carbendazim, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, and biological – based on antagonistic fungi Trichoderma viride (lignorum) and Chaetomium cohliodes in model plants. It was found that in the model vegetation experiment under the conditions of using an artificial infectious background, when treated with the biological fungicide Chaetomiс, the number of healthy plants was 51 %, while in the option without treatment (control) – 5 %. Other fungicides reduced root rot incidence by 12–28 %. The biological fungicide Chaetomiс, which was used as a poisoner, provided the highest efficiency in the fight against root rot pathogens – 56.9 %. Chemical preparations with the active substances carbendazim and tebuconazole restrained the development of the disease by 29.9 and 29.6 %, respectively. Treatment of barley seeds with the biological fungicide Trichodermin provided efficiency at the level of 29.9 %. The fungicide with the active substance azoxystrobin was the least effective in the fight against pathogens, the efficiency of which was 21.6 %. Based on the results of a small-scale field experiment, it was established that the complex treatment with fungicides has an effect on the formation of the spring barley harvest. The use of the fungicide Trichodermin led to a decrease in yield by 0.21 tons per ha compared to the version where the treatment was carried out with water (control). The highest productivity was obtained when using chemical preparations with the active substances carbendazim – 2.74 tons per ha and tebuconazole – 2.41 tons per ha, which is 0.49 and 0.16 tons per ha more than in the control variant.

INFLUENCE OF ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA L. AND QUERCUS ROBUR L. FOREST PLANTATIONS ON THE AGGREGATE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER-STABLE AGGREGATES OF SOUTHERN CHERNOZEMS

V. A. Gorban — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The results of the study of the influence of forest plantations on the aggregate-size distribution and size distribution of water-stable aggregates of southern chernozems are given. Soil samples were taken from zonal southern chernozems, as well as southern chernozems under R. pseudoacacia and Q. robur plantations, near the city of Zelenodolsk (Kryvyі Rih district, Dnipropetrovsk region). The study of the aggregate-size distribution and size distribution of water-stable aggregates of southern chernozems under different types of vegetation was carried out according to the method of M.I. Savinov, using soil fractionation in the air-dry state and in water. The growth of R. pseudoacacia and Q. robur plantations on southern chernozems led to an increase in the content of aggregates of fractions 5–7, 3–5, 2–3 mm and a decrease in the content of aggregates of fractions 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5 and <0.25 mm compared to the zonal southern chernozem. It was established that the effect of planting R. pseudoacacia on changes in content in southern chernozem of aggregates of fractions 7–10, 5–7, 2–3, and <0.25 mm differs from the effect of planting Q. robur. According to the size, 3 related groups of aggregates are distinguished: more than 5 mm, from 2 to 5 mm and less than 2 mm. The influence of plantations on southern chernozems led to an increase in the content of water-stable aggregates of the 2–3, 1–2, and 0.5–1 mm fractions and a simultaneous decrease in the content of water-stable aggregates of the < 0.25 mm fraction compared to the zonal southern chernozem. The affinity of water-stable aggregates of fractions from 1 to > 5 mm in southern chernozems under steppe vegetation and R. pseudoacacia plantations and their difference from similar fractions in southern chernozem under Q. robur plantations was established. Water-stable aggregates of fractions from < 0.25 to 1 mm in southern chernozems are related regardless of the type of vegetation that grows on them. The most significant changes in the structural and aggregate composition of southern chernozems, which are caused by the growth of forest plantations, are characteristic of their upper genetic horizons H1. The research results show that the Q. robur plantation is characterized by a more pronounced positive effect on the aggregate-size distribution and size distribution of water-stable aggregates of southern chernozems compared to the R. pseudoacacia plantation. The identified features of the structural and aggregate composition of southern chernozems and its changes under the influence of forest plantations in the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine can be used in the development of practical measures to preserve and restore the fertility and ecological state of these soils.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE PROTECTED FOREST STRIPS OF UKRAINE: CLASSIFICATION SCHEME, PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF SOLUTIONS

D. V. Dubyna, P. M. Ustymenko, L.P. Vakarenko, V.V. Datsyuk — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Forest protection forest strips are now an inseparable element of agricultural ecosystems. Together with semi-cultural landscapes, they determine the general state of the environment, are a component of biotic diversity and a natural heritage that must be preserved. In the system of agricultural landscapes of Ukraine, forest strips are a factor in their ecological optimization, making changes in the ecological and biological balance of the territory. Protected forest strips as a special ecosystem, which, along with performing the main functions of protecting agricultural crops from adverse natural phenomena and increasing their productivity, also provide other ecosystem services. The development of ecosystem services as one of the innovative directions of financing is a complex and unique structure that combines not only economic and ecological, but also public interests, based on the critical need for the balanced development of nature protection mechanisms. The concept of ecosystem services involves taking into account the functions and features of ecosystems useful for humans in the decision-making process to ensure sustainable land and resource use in order to counteract excessive consumption and deterioration of natural living conditions. Ecosystem services are now considered as a set of ecosystem functions from which economic, social and cultural benefits are obtained by economic entities of various forms of ownership. Therefore, services cover the organization, structure of ecosystems, as well as processes and functions, if they are directly or indirectly consumed by humans. Modern classification schemes of eco-services, which are most often used in studies of ecosystem value contributions, are analyzed. The authors propose their own developed classification scheme of ecological services for field protection forest strips based on the basic principles proposed by J. P. Didukh (2018) taking into account the experience of previous developments. The basic principles for creating a list of environmental services are characterized. Classification scheme eco-services of field protective forest belts has a hierarchical structure and includes three types of eco-services (resource, regulatory, scientific and educational), which include 13 classes of EP and 24 types of EP and the characteristics of the contribution provided by forest belts are given. The article briefly describes the current situation with field protection forest strips and obtaining the full range of potential eco-services and proposed measures to solve them. The purpose of the article is to develop a classification scheme of eco-services characteristic of field protection forest strips and solutions to problematic issues.

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOIL COVER IN PINE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE "CHERKASY FORESTRY ENTERPRISE" OF THE STATE ENTERPRISE "FORESTS OF UKRAINE"

S. I. Kliuchka, I. A. Chemerys, Ya. V. Henyk, V. Ya. Zayachuk, N. Ye. Horbenko — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This article presents the results of research on the structure and physico-mechanical properties of the soil cover in pine forest plantations of the Dnipro Upland, which are characterized by significant prevalence and form productive forest ecosystems within the forest fund of the "Cherkasy Forestry Enterprise" of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine". The species composition of phytocenoses of pine forest ecosystems, which are characterized by relatively significant biodiversity, has been determined. Common species in the herbaceous cover of pine plantations include: greater stitchwort (Stellaria holostea L.), greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.), mountain hog’s fennel (Peucedanum oreoselinum L. Hofm.), common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L. Moench.), viper’s bugloss (Echium vulgare L.), great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum L.), red hemp-nettle (Galeopsis ladanum L.), European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.), and lesser stitchwort (Stellaria graminea L.). The presence of undergrowth – Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common oak (Quercus robur L.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), and common pear (Pyrus communis L.), as well as understory – spindle tree (Euonymus verrucosa Scop.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.), indicates the formation of a relatively complex spatial structure of pine forest ecosystems with a stand composition of 10 Ps (Pínus sylvéstris). The structure of the soil profile has been established, and the physico-mechanical properties of the genetic horizons of the soil cover of pine forest plantations have been determined. Under the canopy of pure pine stands, podzolic soils have formed with Ah+Eh+E+I+IIR+C soil profile. The genetic horizons (humus eluvial, eluvial, and illuvial) of podzolic soils in pine forest ecosystems of the "Cherkasy Forestry Enterprise" are characterized by high density and low porosity. The density of podzolic soil increases down the profile from 1.36 g/cm3 in the humus-eluvial horizon to 1.58 g/cm3 in the eluvial horizon and up to 1.62 g/cm3 in the illuvial genetic horizon. The porosity of the humus eluvial genetic horizon of the soil is 39.27% and decreases to 34.50% in the eluvial horizon, then increases to 40.75% in the illuvial genetic horizon of the soil profile. The application of organic fertilizers in the establishment of pine forest plantations and the formation of mixed forest ecosystems by introducing deciduous tree species into pine forest communities will contribute to improving the physico-mechanical properties and fertility of the soil cover and increasing the productivity of forest plantations in pine ecosystems within the forest fund of Cherkasy region.

YIELD OF SORGHUM DEPENDS ON SOWING RATES IN THE NORTH-EASTERN FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

M. О. Kovalenko, H. О. Zhatova — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Growing of crops in a certain agro-climatic zone is based on the effective use of exogenous factors and the optimal assortment of crops that can realize their productive potential under such conditions. Currently, the consequences of the stressogenic effect of increased temperature and drought are causing serious problems with the production of many traditional crops, in particular cereals. Sorghum as a stress-resistant crop is a promising analogue of traditional grain species. In order to study the influence of certain technology elements on the formation of sorghum yield in the conditions of the North-Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine in 2020–2023 (Sumy NAU), experiments were carried out to study the optimal sowing rates of different sorghum genotypes for growth, plant development and yield. Grain sorghum hybrid and variety (Yanki and Dniprovskyi 32), and a rice-grain sorghum variety of Samaran 6 were research material. It was established that increasing the sowing rate from 160,000 psc /ha to 490,000 psc /ha of seeds affects the length of the growing season and leads to its shortening from 5 to 11 days. The thickening of sowing affects the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants: the area of leaves of one plant decreases (by 0.051 m2 – 0.086 m2), but the total leaf surface per unit area (m2) increases due to the increase in the number of plants. The increase in sowing rates to 490,000 seeds/ha has a negative effect on the formation of yield parameters, in particular: the coefficient of productive bushiness decreases, the weight of 1000 seeds, the number of seeds per plant and per unit area. The highest yield was provided by sowing rates of 165–330 thousand/ha of similar seeds, 4.26–4.29 t/ha (Yanki hybrid); – 3.51–3.56 t/ha (Dniprovskyi 39 variety), and 2.68 –2.02 t/ha (Samaran 6 variety). In terms of genotypes, the yield of the Yankee hybrid was the highest – 4.29, and the lowest – of the rice-grain sorghum variety Samaran 6 – 1.87 t/ha. To form a high yield of grain sorghum (Yanki, Dniprovskyi 39) and rice-grain (Samaran 6) in the north-eastern forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, the optimal sowing rates are 160–330 thousand/ha of seeds.

INFLUENCE OF GROWING METHOD AND QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF PLANTS ON THE BIOMASS YIELD OF GIANT MISCANTUS

M. I. Kulyk, I. I. Rozhko, V. M. Zhukova — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Obtaining biomass as an alternative source of energy to meet the energy needs of territorial communities is an urgent issue today. After all, biomass plants are the most accessible and annually renewable energy resource. The aim of the research was to study the influence of the cultivation with legumes on the biomass yield of Miscanthus giganteus as a raw material for biofuel production. The field research was carried out in the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during the period of 2021-2022 using the methodology of experimental agronomy. The experiment scheme combined of randomized placement of variants (cultivation methods of miscanthus giganteus): variant 1 – mono-species sowings of miscanthus (control), variant 2 – growing of miscanthus with perennial lupine (Lupinus perennis L.), variant 3 – growing of miscanthus in combination with alfalfa (Medicago falcata L.), variant 4 – growing of miscanthus in combination with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The material for the research was miscanthus variety of Huliver. The quantitative indicators of plants were determined in accordance with the approved methodology, and the biomass yield was determined by the weight method. Correlations between the indicators were established on the basis of correlation and regression analysis; methods of analysis of variance were also used to assess significant differences between the variants. The quantitative indicators of miscanthus giganteus plants were found to vary significantly depending on the cultivation methods. The highest yield of dry biomass over the years of research (17.3 t/ha) was obtained in the variants of joint cultivation with lupine, significantly less – when the crop was grown with alfalfa and clover. A significant influence of quantitative indicators was determined: by the correlation coefficient (r ˃ 0.7) on the yield of miscanthus biomass. In binary plantations, the yield biomass of miscanthus giganteus is formed due to the height and density of the stem (r ˃ 0.7), the average length of the leaf and their number on the stem have less influence (r ˃ 0.31-0.69). The biomass produced can be used for biofuel production.

DYNAMICS OF RIVER CRAYFISH CATCH IN WATER BODIES OF UKRAINE AND THE EXTENT OF DAMAGE INFLICTED ON AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE KAKHOVKA RESERVOIR DUE TO THE LOSS OF RIVER CRAYFISH STOCKS

O. M. Marenkov, I. I. Borovyk — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The exploitation of river crayfish has strategic importance for the development of aquaculture and fisheries in water bodies of Ukraine. In recent years, their exploitation has been characterized by stability and moderate growth in catch volumes, although there have been some issues with illegal harvesting. However, with the onset of full-scale military actions, damage was inflicted on fisheries, and river crayfish, vulnerable to sudden hydrobiotic changes, also entered the category of bioresources significantly impacted. The study thoroughly examines the dynamics of river crayfish exploitation from 2017 to 2023. Analyzing data from the State Agency for Development of Melioration, Fisheries, and Food Programs, it was found that crayfish catch showed overall positive growth trends until the start of full-scale military operations in Ukraine. Afterward, the catch decreased by almost 87-90%. The main water bodies where crayfish exploitation was based were the Kyiv, Kremenchuk, and Kakhovka reservoirs, where the extraction accounted for about 77% of the total catch in Ukraine. In the Dnipro-Bug estuarine system, the Dniester River with its estuary, the Kuchurhan Reservoir, and other water bodies, the total crayfish catch reached 10.752 tons. As a result of the destruction of the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Station, a large area of the shoreline habitat of river crayfish was lost, leading to the depletion of the industrial stock of crayfish in the Kakhovka Reservoir. The losses inflicted on aquatic resources due to the loss of river crayfish stocks were calculated using regulatory documents of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, taking into account the established fines for illegal crayfish harvesting. It has been established that as a result of the destruction of the Kakhovka Reservoir, the damage caused to aquatic bioresources due to the depletion of commercial river crayfish stocks amounts to 285 million UAH. Considering the research findings, it can be concluded that despite the heterogeneity of crayfish exploitation in the water bodies of Ukraine, a positive trend in catch dynamics was observed in the pre-war period. However, due to the military actions, major fisheries objects were reduced, and in the Kakhovka Reservoir completely lost, not only the crayfish fishery but also other aquatic resources. The calculated losses inflicted on aquatic resources will remain relevant for a long time.

EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS OF INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF BUCKWHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

O. A. Mashchenko — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Due to climate change, more than 80% of plant species may experience changes in diversity, current distribution and potential habitat. In recent years, the basic principles of agriculture have been revised. Attention to the development of the scientific foundations of sustainable renewable agrotechnological balanced agriculture has increased. To solve the problem of providing the population with complete proteins, a significant role, without a doubt, is assigned to cereal crops, especially buckwheat. Today, buckwheat is not only a common crop, but also a symbol of healthy life thanks to its rich nutritional and pharmacological properties. The high nutritional value of buckwheat is determined by the composition of its protein complex: buckwheat protein is highly digestible (almost 60-70%), rich in such important amino acids as lysine, tryptophan, arginine, as well as histidine – necessary for baby food. Obtaining a full-fledged buckwheat harvest is possible only with scientific justification of the application of agrotechnical measures developed in specific agro-climatic conditions. Due to further changes in the climate and a decrease in the level of moisture supply in critical periods of crop development, it is necessary to look for new ways of increasing the yield under the appropriate conditions. Buckwheat cultivation has numerous advantages for agricultural sustainability compared to other cereal crops, as it requires low inputs and is well adapted to adverse conditions. New approaches can certainly be beneficial for buckwheat production, however, further research is needed to develop new cultivars with desirable characteristics and without adversely affecting other productive traits. An important stage of prospective research is to establish the agrobiological features of growth and development of buckwheat varieties of different morphotypes, depending on the interaction of the researched elements of growing technology. This will contribute to the growth of quantitative and qualitative yield indicators, gross grain harvest and increase the sustainability of agriculture.

SOME PECULIAR FEATURES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF RARE FRUIT AND SMALL FRUIT CROPS FOR MODERN HORTICULTURE OF UKRAINE

Yа. O. Mulienok, V. V. Leus — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Among a great variety of the fruit plants which are consumed daily by man, the ones which provide the early commodity output, rich in vitamins and nutrition substances, arouse a special interest. It is to these plants that all varieties of rare fruit crops belong. The establishment of the domestic market of rare plants is at its initial stage and it starts getting a system form. The aspects of the current state and the cultivation of rare fruit-berry plants were covered based on the well-analyzed sources of scientific literature. The peculiarities as well as the importance of the cultivation of niche fruit crops in Ukraine were considered. In the territory of Ukraine a group of promising fruit plants includes the following ones: chokeberry species (Aroniamelanocarpa), hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus), dogwood (Cornusmas L.), sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides L.), moss (Mespilu sgermanica), actinidia (Actinidia argutа), mulberry (Morusalba), persimmon (Diospyros L.) and others. The fruits of these plants differ greatly from those of well-known ones, such as apples, pears, apricots, plums and others; the difference consists not only in appearance and taste qualities, but also in the increased content of biologically active substances of various physiological effect. The crops, which are in demand in the markets of other countries and which are sold at higher prices, may frequently be among similar plants. Due to these factors, the cultivation of niche crops has higher profitability. Nowadays, both in horticulture and in other branches of agriculture, the improvement of the assortment (a set of cultivars) of fruit and berry, rare crops is based, first of all, on the creation and use of genetic banks of the sources and donors of the most important features for breeding. In recent years, some institutions have been actively involved in studying rare fruit crops, namely, the National botanical garden named after M.M. Hryshko, the National university of bioresources and nature use, orchard center “Brusviana”; also the Institute of horticulture of NAAS joined this group. Their activity is aimed mainly at enhancing the efforts to create highly productive rare fruit crops, to lay a parent plantation and to improve propagation practices at a higher level for further planting and cultivation at the farm enterprises at larger scales.

ENTOMOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HEMP AGROCENOSIS IN THE LEFT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

V. V. Pivtoraiko, V. V. Kabanets — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The hemp agrocenosis, due to the morphological and biological characteristics of the plants, is attractive to a diverse entomological fauna and is a kind of biotope that provides the existence of numerous populations of arthropods. Therefore, knowledge of the species composition of insects inhabiting the grass stand of hemp field is now acquiring particular relevance. This is necessary to solve the problem of developing effective environmentally-oriented protection of culture in modern conditions. The aim of the research is to clarify the taxonomic composition of the entomocomplex of hemp agrocenosis in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The task involves studying species diversity, the number of general and harmful insect during the growing season of crop plants and identifying dominant species. The study was carried out according to generally accepted methods in entomology during the growing seasons 2019– 2021 in the field conditions in the scientific and experimental base of the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of NAAS. It has been established that the current entomocomplex of the grass stand of hemp field in the northeastern part of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine includes 174 species belonging to 76 families and 9 orders. In terms of species diversity and number of individuals, the order Coleoptera prevailed (56 species from 16 families and 74.6 % of the number of insects caught). Were also detected insects from the orders Hymenoptera (31 species from 15 families), Hemiptera (30 species from 11 families), Diptera (20 species from 12 families), Homoptera (17 species from 8 families), Lepidoptera (12 species from 8 families), Orthoptera (4 species from 3 families), Neuroptera (3 species from 2 families), Thysanoptera (one species) were also found. The phytophages of hemp plants were 39 species of insects from 22 families and 6 orders. The structure of dominance is represented by one eudominant (Psylliodes attenuata (Koch) – 81.1 %), one subdominant (Mordellistena parvula (Gyll.) – 4.72%), four recurrents (Lygus pratensis (L.), L. rugulipennis (Popp.), Lygocoris pabulinus (L.), Stictocephala bisonia (Kopp & Yonke) – 8.6 %) and 33 subrecurrents (5.58 %). The research made it possible to clarify the taxonomic composition of the entomofauna of the hemp agrocenosis, to identify phytophages insects and their dominance. The results obtained are used in solving problems of reducing the harmfulness of insects during the growing season of hemp plants and developing a modern environmentally-oriented system for controlling their numbers to a level not exceeding the FES.

FATTY ACID AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AMARANTH SEEDS DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY AND FERTILIZATION SYSTEM

L. D. Romanchuk, T.V. Kravchuk — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents the results of studies of the biochemical and fatty acid composition of amaranth seeds depending on the variety and fertilisation system. The field research was conducted on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Polissia National University (Zhytomyr), during 2021-2023. Three varieties of amaranth were studied: Sterkh, Kremovyi rannii and Helios. Experimental variants: without fertilizer (control), rate of fertilizer – N60P60K60. Mineral fertilizers were applied in the form of ammonium nitrate – 34.4 %, potassium magnesium – 40.2 %, and simple granular superphosphate – 18.4 %. The seeds of all amaranth varieties formed a high protein content (13.3 – 16.7%). The protein content varied significantly depending on the variety. Thus, the highest protein content was observed in the variety of Kremovyi rannii – 16.7 % with the rate of mineral fertilizer application of N60P60K60. The study of protein content in amaranth grain shows that this indicator varied depending on the variety and fertilization system. Thus, the best protein content was observed in the Sterkh variety – 15.5%, in the variant with the rate of mineral fertiliser application of N60P60K60, and 15.4% in the control. Protein content in the seeds of other varieties was significantly lower compared to the variety of Sterkh – 13.9 – 14.6 %. The analysis of fibre content data showed that the most significant increase was observed in the Sterkh variety. The maximum value of fibre in amaranth seeds was observed in the variant without mineral fertilizer application – 2.8 %. It was found in laboratory studies to determine the fatty acid composition that fatty acids in amaranth seeds contained the most linoleic acid – 39.93 – 53.03 %, while behenic acid, on the contrary, showed the lowest values – 0.13 %. The highest levels of palmitic and stearic acids were observed in the variety of Helios – 20.05% and 4.13%, respectively. The content of oleic acid in amaranth varieties ranged from 22.42 % to 34.54 %. The lowest content of palmitoleic acid was in all varieties of amaranth seeds – 0.09 – 0.29 %. According to the content of fatty acids in the seeds, the variety Kremovyi rannii had the best performance compared to other studied amaranth varieties.

PROBLEMS OF CONSERVATION AND ECO-CONTROL OF THE BORDER TERRITORIES OF THE NATURE-RESERVE FUND IN MODERN CONDITIONS

V. H. Skliar, Yu. L. Skliar — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Biodiversity protection is one of the most pressing issues of our time. Implementation of environmental protection measures aimed at preserving biodiversity is complicated and often impossible in the context of military operations. The purpose of the article is to systematise and analyse information on the sozological value of natural complexes and biodiversity of the territories of the nature reserve fund (NRF). Sumy region, which are located within the two-kilometre border strip and are not NRF institutions, and to identify priority areas of environmental protection activities for them under martial law. The results of the analysis showed that within the territory selected for the study there are two landscape reserves of national importance (Shalyhinsky and Seredneseimsky), six reserves of local importance (one landscape, one botanical, two hydrological and two general zoological) and one protected tract (Lomlenka). It has been established that all nine protected areas covered by the study are centres of conservation of rare biodiversity of international level: there are species of animals included in the Berne Convention. The largest number of such species is recorded in the Sredneseimsky (114 species) and Miropilsky (79 species) reserves. Species of flora and fauna protected at the state level are absent only in the Oleksandriyskyi reserve. Within the eight territories (except for the Lomlenka reserve), there are species subject to protection at the regional level. The total number of plant species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine found within the study areas is 15. The total number of animal species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine is higher than that of plants and reaches 28. At the same time, the war creates real problems and dangers for the further conservation of natural complexes represented within the studied NRF territories. As a result of shelling from artillery systems, explosions have already been recorded on the territory of the Shalyhinsky Reserve. Against the backdrop of the war, the relevance of monitoring compliance with environmental legislation within the NRFs and recording the manifestations of hostilities on their territories does not diminish. At the same time, the issue of using and developing remote monitoring methods, combining domestic and international experience, is of particular importance. This work should be systematic, supported by structural, functional, methodological and instrumental (hardware, software, etc.) aspects. In the event that, against the background of war and (or) counteraction to the aggressor, there is a threat of loss of natural complexes of a certain NRF territory and, accordingly, loss of its sozological value, a system of compensatory measures and an algorithm for their implementation should be clearly defined at the state and regional levels.

APPLICATION IN URBAN GREENING OF PLANTS OF THE SOD GENUS (CORNUS L.), ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITIES: KYIV, WROCLAW, ENGER

V. R. Fursa, A. P. Pinchuk — Mon, 01 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents a study of the use of plants of the Cornus L. sod genus in urban landscaping with an emphasis on the cities of Wroclaw, Enger and Kyiv. The research carried out on the territory of different cities indicates the significant contribution of sod to the improvement of the urban environment, as well as the importance of reasonable consideration of ecological aspects to achieve optimal results when using plants of the sod genus (Cornus L.) in urban landscaping. During the experiment, the suitability and advantages of including Cornus L. plants in urban landscapes were determined and evaluated, taking into account their botanical characteristics, growth requirements and positive impact on the ecological and aesthetic atmosphere of cities. The article presents an assessment of decorativeness, adaptability of species to the urban environment and their ability to grow in various stressful conditions. In addition, the role of the studied genus in improving the quality of the microclimate and creating a natural environment for city dwellers has been clarified. These studies indicate that the natural elements of trees, bushes, and landscape groups increase opportunities for social interaction, monitoring of open areas, and recreational loads. Therefore, the process of planning and selecting the right assortment of new urban green spaces is no less important, since parks play a special role from the point of view of public space in the planning and development of sustainable land use. Well-executed green compositions help position them to fulfill appropriate cultural and environmental roles. The evaluation established that C.sanguinea ‘Winter Beauty’, this cultivar stands out for its decorativeness, especially in cold seasons. It has a loose ovoid shape of the crown, the beginning of flowering occurs from 10.05-20.05, the duration of flowering is 12-16 days. According to the obtained indicators of decorativeness, C. sanguinea ‘Winter Beauty’ belongs to the I group. The analysis of decorativeness emphasizes the value and aesthetic appeal of plants of the genus Cornus L., which makes them suitable for urban landscaping projects. The studied plants are more sensitive to summer-autumn warming, which has a positive effect on growth in height, thereby becoming an almost universal plant in the conditions of current climate changes The results of this study can serve as a valuable resource for urban planners, landscape designers, and policy makers regarding the development and management of urban green spaces, contributing to a higher quality of life for city dwellers and the preservation of natural ecosystems.