FATTENING AND SLAUGHTER PERFORMANCE OF PIGS ON LIQUID AND DRY FEEDS
Keywords:
fattening, slaughter quality, feed conversion, liquid feed, dry feed mixtures.
Abstract
To investigate the fattening and carcass qualities of Irish-origin pigs fed liquid and dry diets under the conditions of an industrial pig complex, an experiment was conducted involving the analysis of growth intensity, feed consumption and carcass characteristics of 410 fattening young pigs obtained from F1 sows of the Irish Yorkshire mix and Irish landrace and boars of the Maxgro synthetic line. The pig fattening period lasted 106 days, starting on the 70th day after the end of the rearing period, and included providing the animals with full ration feed mixes produced on the farm from components of the farm's own production. The animals in the control group were fed dry feed, the animals in the experimental group were fed liquid feed. The dry feeding system provided for the transportation and metered distribution of feed in the feed kitchen in dry, unwetted form. The liquid feeding system made it possible to mix the dry feed with water in advance and give it to the feeder in the form of a liquid fraction. During the implementation and at the end of the fattening process, a study was carried out on the fattening indicators of pigs, and after the animals were slaughtered by the method of stunning in a gas chamber in a meat processing plant, a study was carried out on the quality indicators of their carcasses, including the slaughter characteristics, the weight and proportion of valuable parts of the carcass and the total weight and proportion of meat, fat and bone. Compared to feeding dry feed, liquid fattening of pigs resulted in a 5.8 % increase in average weight at weaning, a 7.10 %, 7.03 % and 1.89 % increase in growth intensity in terms of absolute, average daily and relative growth, respectively, and an 8.2-day reduction in age to 100 kg weight. Feeding liquid diet to young fattening pigs also increased paired carcass weight by 4.41 %, chilled carcass weight by 4.16 %, thickness of fat at withers by 8.13 %, thickness of fat over 6-7 thoracic vertebrae by 16.29 %, thickness of fat in sacrum by 13.95 %. Pigs consuming liquid feed mixes differed from pigs fed dry feed by having a higher neck weight (6.67 %), higher shoulder blade weight ( 8.26 %), higher loin weight and proportion of carcass (15.79 % and 10.61 %, respectively), and an advantage in bone weight (12.57 %) and its proportion of carcass (7.66 %). Pigs fed liquid diets also had 8.33 % higher meat mass and 6.61 % and 10.81 % higher fat percentage, respectively. A comprehensive evaluation of the feeding characteristics of pigs of Irish origin, analyzed by the evaluation index, showed that the animals fed with liquid feed mixtures performed 5.12 points or 13.63 % better than their counterparts fed with dry feed. Thus, the study of fattening and slaughter indicators of pigs revealed a reliable advantage of the herd fed liquid feed ingredients compared to their peers whose feeding system involved the use of dry feed.
References
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2. Ait-Sidhoum, A., Guesmi, B., Cabas Monje, J. H., Gil, J. M. (2021). The impact of alternative feeding strategies on total factor productivity growth of pig farming: Empirical evidence from EU countries. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 19(2), e0106. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021192-17291
3. Álvarez, D., Garrido, M. D., Bañón, S. (2009). Influence of Pre-Slaughter Process on Pork Quality: An Overview, Food Reviews International, 25(3), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120902956216
4. Averós, X. L., Brossard, J., Dourmad, Y., de Greef, K. H., Edwards, S. A., Meunier-Salaün, M. C. (2012). Meta-analysis on the effects of the physical environment, animal traits, feeder and feed characteristics on the feeding behavior and performance of growing-finishing pigs. Animal, 8, 275–1289. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112000328
5. Badger, P. A., Otott, H. K., Donnelly, A., Stark, C. R., Paulk, C. B. (2022). Effect of Percent Fines in Pelleted Diets on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs During Three Phases of Production, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 8(10). https://doi.org/ 10.4148/2378-5977.8409
6. Best, P. 2009. Fresh Surge of Interest in Liquid Feeding. [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/970-fresh-surge-of-interest-in-liquid-feeding (data zvernennia 16.09.2023).
7. Bomko, V. S., Sivachenko, E. V., Smetanina, O. V. (2023). Kormy ta kormovi dobavky ta efektyvnist yikh vykorystannia v hodivli tvaryn: navch. posibnyk. [Fodder and feed additives and the effectiveness of their use in animal feeding: study. Manual]. Bila Tserkva (in Ukrainian).
8. Braude, R., Rowell, J. (1967). Comparison of dry and wet feeding of growing pigs. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 68(3), 325–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600012818
9. Brooks, P. H. (2003). Liquid feeding as a means to promote pig health. London Swine Conference – Maintaining Your Competitive Edge, 83–103. London, UK. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237416978_Liquid_feeding_as_a_means_to_promote_pig_health
10. Canibe, N., Jensen, B. B. (2012). Fermented liquid feed-Microbial and nutritional aspects and impact on enteric diseases in pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 173, 17–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.021
11. Carcò, G., Gallo, L., Dalla Bona, M., Latorre, M. A., Fondevila, M., Schiavon, S. (2018). The influence of feeding behaviour on growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics of growing pigs. PLoS One., 13(10), e0205572. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205572
12. Chae, B. J. (2000). Impacts of wet feeding of diets on growth and carcass traits in pigs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 17, 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2000.9706293
13. Choct, M., Selby, E. A. D., Cadogan, D. J. Campbell, R. G. (2004). Effect of liquid to feed ratio, steeping time, and enzyme supplementation on the performance of weaner pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research., 55, 247–252. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR03106
14. Cullen, J. T., Lawlor, P. G., Cormican, P., Gardiner, G. E. (2021). Microbial Quality of Liquid Feed for Pigs and Its Impact on the Porcine Gut Microbiome. Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 11(10), 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102983
15. D'Souza, D. N., Dunshea, F. R., Warner, R. D., Leury, B. J. (1998). The effect of handling pre-slaughter and carcass processing rate post-slaughter on pork quality. Meat science, 50(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(98)00055-2
16. Dung, N. N. X., Manh, L. H., Ogle, B. (2005). Effects of fermented liquid feeds on the performance, digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) of growing-finishing pigs. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 17(9). https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd17/9/xdun17102.htm
17. Engelsmann, М. N., Nielsen, T. S., Hedemann, M. S., Krogh, U., Nørgaard, J. V. (2023). Effect of postweaning feed intake on performance, intestinal morphology, and the probability of diarrhoea in piglets, Аnimal, 17(8), 100891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100891
18. Gonyou, H. W., Lou, Z. (2000). Effects of eating space and availability of water in feeders on productivity and eating behavior of grower/finisher pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 78, 865–870. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.784865
19. Hurst, D., Juniper, D., Clark, L., Litten-Brown, J., Corson, A., Lean, I. (2020). Effect of liquid feeding at different water-to-feed ratios on the morphological adaptations in the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs. Journal of Food Nutrition and Agriculture, 3, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.21839/jfna.2020.v3.314
20. Jensen, B. B., Mikkelsen, L. L. (1998). Feeding liquid diets to pigs. In (Garnsworthy, P. C. and Wiseman, J.) Recent Advances in Anim al Nutrition 1998. Nottingham UniversityPress, Thrumpton, Nottingham. pp. 107–126.
21. ISO 3100-1, Meat and meat products – Sampling and preparation of test samples – Part 1: Sampling. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. [Elektronnyi resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu: https://standards.iteh.ai/ catalog/standards/iso/173c37dd6a81-4146-beeb-bb1c6fe94c52/iso-3100-1-1991. (data zvernennia 16.09.2023).
22. Kouhei, M., Kazuo, H. Seigo, I. (1996). Effects of Wet/Dry Feeding for Finishing Pigs on Growth, Feed Conversion and Carcass Quality. Journal of the Japanese Pig Society, 33, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.5938/youton.33.5
23. L’Anson, K., Choct, M., Brooks, P. H. (2012). The influence of particle size and processing method for wheat-based diets, offered in dry or liquid form, on growth performance and diet digestibility in male weaner pigs. Anim. Prod. Sci., 52, 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12082
24. Ladyka, V. I. & Khmelnychyi, L. M. (2023). Tekhnolohiia vyrobnytstva ta pererobky produktsii tvarynnytstva: pidruchnyk dlia aspirantiv. [Technology of production and processing of livestock products: a textbook for graduate students]. Odesa: Oldi+ (In Ukrainian).
25. Martineau, G. P., Morvan, H., Decoux, M. (2008). Porcine Intestinal Distension Syndrome (PIDS) (“enterotoxemia”). Proceedings of the 40th Swine Research Day; Paris, France. 5–6 February, pp. 33–42. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20193164148
26. Moon, J. S., Kwon, I. K. Chae, B. J. (2004). Effects of Wet Feeding of Diets with or without Food Waste on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Finishing Pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 17(4), 504–510. https://www.animbiosci.org/upload/pdf/17_80.pdf
27. Moran, C. A. (2001). Developments and Benefits of Liquid Feeding through Fermentation for the Post-Weaned Pig. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Plymouth; Plymouth, UK. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/29818331.pdf
28. Myers, A. J., Goodband, R. D., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., DeRouchey, J. M., Nelssen, J. L. (2013). The effects of diet form and feeder design on the growth performance of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 91, 3420–3428. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2012-5612
29. Mykhalko, O. G. (2020). Vidhodivelni yakosti svynei irlandskoho pokhodzhennia za riznykh typiv hodivli [Feeding qualities of pigs of Irish origin under different types of feeding]. Visnyk Sumskoho NAU, Seriia "Tvarynnytstvo" [Bulletin of the Sumy National Agrarian University. "Livestock" series], 3(42), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.lvst.2020.3.9 (in Ukrainian).
30. Mykhalko, O. G. (2021). Zalezhnist vidhodivelnykh yakostei svynei datskoho pokhodzhennia vid typu hodivli [The dependence of fattening qualities of pigs of Danish origin on the type of feeding]. Visnyk Sumskoho NAU, Seriia "Tvarynnytstvo" [Bulletin of the Sumy National Agrarian University. "Livestock" series], 4(47), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.lvst.2021.4.17 (in Ukrainian).
31. Niven, S. J., Beal, J. D., Brooks, P. H. (2006). The effect of controlled fermentation on the fate of synthetic lysine in liquid diets for pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 129, 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.016
32. O' Meara, F. M., Gardiner, G. E., O' Doherty, J. V., Clarke, D., Cummins, W., Lawlor, P. G. (2020). Effect of wet/dry, fresh liquid, fermented whole diet liquid, and fermented cereal liquid feeding on feed microbial quality and growth in growfinisher pigs. Journal of animal science, 98(6), skaa166. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa166
33. Poullet, N., Bambou, J. C., Loyau, T. (2019). Effect of feed restriction and refeeding on performance and metabolism of European and Caribbean growing pigs in a tropical climate. Sci Rep., 9, 4878. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41145-w
34. Rakhimov, O., Eshev, S., Rakhmatov, M., Saidov, I., Boymurodov, F., Rayimova, I. (2021). Improved pump for transporting liquid feed mixtures through pipes on farms. E3S Web of Conferences 263, 04046. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304046
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Published
2023-12-22
How to Cite
Mykhalko, O. H., Shostia, A. M., Usenko , S. O., Verbelchuk, T. V., Verbelchuk, S. P., Koberniuk, V. V., Lavryniuk, O. O., & Kryvoruchenko, L. V. (2023). FATTENING AND SLAUGHTER PERFORMANCE OF PIGS ON LIQUID AND DRY FEEDS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Livestock, (4), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.lvst.2023.4.4
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Articles
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