Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Livestock

THE FIRST-CALF COWS OF DAIRY BREEDS ESTIMATION BY UDDER MEASUREMENTS AND THEIR USE IN INDEX BREEDING OF UDDER LINEAR TRAITS

2024-03-12T12:08:42+02:00

The purpose of this study was to estimate the udder morphological traits of first-born cows of Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds by measurements, their assessment by the udder-mass-metric index and establishing the degree of relationship between linear type traits of the udder. 86 heads of Holstein and 112 heads of Ukrainian Blackand- White dairy breed from the herd of private enterprise "Burynske" in Sumy region were used in the research. The udder mass-metric index included live weight of cows, body and udder measurements, and its volume. The advantage of the firstborn cows of Holstein breed over peers of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed in terms of udder measurements was established. In animals of Holstein breed, the udder-mass-metric index was on average 15.0, and in Ukrainian Black-and- White dairy cows – 13.1 conventional units, with a difference of 1.9 conventional units, with reliability at P<0.001 in favor of Holstein cows. A significant relationship has been established between udder-mass-metric index and milk productivity. The degree and reliability of relationship between udder parts measurements of the first-born cows of Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed differed by significant variability, from -0.422 to 0.713 and from -0.486 to 0.698, respectively. The degree and reliability relationship between the udder parts measurements of the first-born cows of Holstein breed (their values are placed below the diagonal) with a slight difference repeat the indicators of correlation coefficients in the peers of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The highest correlation was obtained between the anatomically related udder parts – of the front teats length and diameter with the rear ones, and the distance between them. The general conclusion indicates that cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds are generally characterized by excellent morphological indicators of the udder, which define its development, including in terms of adaptability to machine milking. Linear measurements make it possible to more objectively evaluate the udder of cows based on development of its parts, and existence of a positive relationship between them and amount of milk yield provides the basis for the effectiveness of cows’ selection based on udder traits in practical breeding, which will help increase the milk productivity of animals.

INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPE AND PRE-SLAUGHTER WEIGHT ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PIG MEAT

2024-03-12T12:08:40+02:00

The article examines the results of the study of the main indicators of the chemical composition (content of total moisture, dry matter, intramuscular fat, protein and ash) of the longest back muscle of pigs of different genotypes of two weight conditions (100 and 120 kg). The research was carried out on a purebred herd of pigs of different productivity lines: group I – large white breed (VB), group II – Mirgorod breed (M), group III – Poltava meat breed (PM), group IV – landraсе breed (L), V group – red and white-belted breed (ChBP). Feeding was carried out at three levels: average daily gains – 250–350 g (typical level), 600–800 g (medium level) and 800-1000 g (intensive level). The results of research into the chemical composition of the longest muscle of the back confirmed the fact that such indicators as the content of protein and fat in the meat are determined primarily by the breed factor. As pigs age, the moisture content in muscle tissue decreases. With average daily gains of 250–350 g, no significant difference was determined between the indicators of the amount of protein, which fluctuated at the level of 19.88–19.93% for the pre-slaughter weight of 100 kg and 18.08–19.43% for 120 kg. To a certain extent, low live weight gains did not allow the genetic potential of pigs of different genotypes to manifest. With average daily gains of 600-800 g, the amount of moisture in the meat was within the physiological norm, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups of pigs in terms of this indicator. The fat content in the meat of fat pigs was significantly higher – 3.12 and 3.98%, than in experimental animals of meat breeds both at pre-slaughter live weight of 100 kg and 120 kg. With average daily gains of 800–1000 g, it was established that the meat of animals obtained from meat genotypes had a higher protein content and a lower fat content. With an increase in pre-slaughter live weight from 100 to 120 kg in the meat of animals of all studied genotypes, a tendency to increase the content of intramuscular fat due to a decrease in the content of moisture and protein was observed.

EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF LIQUID MILK SUBSTITUTE IN THE FEEDING OF SUCKER PIGLETS

2024-03-12T12:08:37+02:00

The article analysed the growth and survival rate of piglets in the post-weaning period, the amount of milk replacer and dry starter feed consumed during this period, the number, average weight and age of piglets sold from the group, the veterinary costs of rearing a piglet and achieving 1 kg of growth (separately for the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal disease) and the cost-effectiveness of feeding PiggyMill milk replacer to suckling piglets compared to traditional Opticare Milk milk replacer. There was a 2.06% better preservation of piglets fed PiggyMill Milk replacer compared to piglets fed the similar Opticare Milk product. No significant difference was found between the animals of the test groups in the indicators for growth intensity in the weaning period, absolute weight gain and live weight at weaning. It was found that the piglets fed PiggyMill milk replacer had 2.4% lower costs for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and 82.8% lower costs for their treatment, but a 1.54% higher percentage of litters of pigs with established diarrhoea during the suckling period compared to their peers fed the similar Opticare milk product. It was found that according to the structure of feed and veterinary costs for rearing a head of suckling piglets, the animals fed PiggyMill milk replacer had a 4.93% higher share of these costs and a 5.09% lower share of the costs for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and 0.85% for their treatment. Overall, litters of piglets fed PiggyMill milk replacer had lower costs for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disease but higher piglet feed costs, resulting in 6.9% higher total costs for these products compared to 1 piece and by 8.3% per 1 kg of growth compared to analogues using a conventional product for feeding. As a result, it was found that feeding the PiggyMill milk replacer improved piglet survival, did not affect the intensity of their growth and resulted in higher feed costs, both per piglet and per 1 kg of growth compared to feeding the traditional product.

PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES AND EFFICIENCY OF FATTENING OF HYBRID PIGS OF DANISH AND CANADIAN ORIGIN UNDER CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

2024-03-12T12:08:34+02:00

The article studied the growth, preservation, coma conversion and fattening efficiency of hybrid pigs of Danish and Canadian origin in the conditions of southern Ukraine. Two groups of experimental piglets of 240 heads each were taken for the study. The first control group included piglets obtained from crossbred sows of the Landrace × Great White breed of Danish origin, which were inseminated with the semen of Danish Duroc boars. The second experimental group included animals obtained from crossbred sows of similar breeds of Canadian origin for their insemination with the sperm of Durok boars of the same origin. As a result of the experiment, it was proved that during fattening, pigs of Danish origin had higher average daily and absolute gains by 2.1%, but were inferior to analogues of Canadian origin in terms of conservation by 0.8% and feed payment by gains of 2.9% and the complex index of fattening qualities by 1.4% and finished fattening on the 177th day of life with almost equal live weight. It was established that pigs of Canadian origin during fattening consumed about 5.0% less feed, which caused by how many percent less their consumption during the fattening period and their cost during this time and the cost of fattening one head. At the same time, due to the different intensity of growth during fattening, the feed cost of 1 kg of gain in pigs of this group turned out to be only 2.9% lower compared to analogues of Danish origin. Whereas, the cost of one head at the end of fattening due to the higher cost of piglets at the time of fattening turned out to be already higher by 0.4%, and the cost of 1 kg of live weight by 0.6%, the cost of one head without VAT at the end of fattening in them was only 0.2% lower, while her feed income was 2.9% lower and profitability was 0.77% worse.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF BREEDING PIGS OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL LINES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE

2024-03-12T12:08:31+02:00

The aim of this study was to compare the productivity and efficiency of piglet rearing when using Great White and Landrace sows of English origin for pure breeding, crossbreeding and hybridization under the conditions of an industrial complex. It was found that F1 sows of English origin from the combination of maternal breeds ♀LW×♂L and ♀L×♂LW, when inseminated with semen from boars of the synthetic parent line РIС337, had an advantage over purebred animals of maternal lines of the Great White and Landrace breeds of the same origin in terms of: total number of piglets born by – 2.7–4.7%; multiple fertility by 1.7–3.8%, high fertility by 4.7–10.3%; piglet nest weight at birth by 8.6–12.2%, number of piglets at weaning by 0.0–3.4% and piglet litter weight at weaning by 5.4–11.5%; average daily gains in the suckling period by 6.8–9.5%; absolute gains at this time by 5.7–7.1% and average weight of a piglet at weaning by 5.5–7.7%, which is caused by the manifestation of true heterosis. They also had an advantage in terms of comprehensive indices of reproductive qualities: IVY by 2.2–3.0%, SIVYAS by 4.1–4.9% and SZFTV by 0.1–3.4%. In comparison with the analogues of the parent line РИС337, the sows of the same hybrid combinations outperformed the latter in terms of: the total number of piglets at birth by 24.2–25.75%, the number of piglets born alive by 31.9–33.0, the nest weight of piglets at birth by 25.5–28.2%, the number of piglets at weaning by 21.9–23.4%, the weight of the litter of piglets at weaning by 8.0–11.1%. At the same time, the purebred piglets of the РIС337 line outperformed their hybrid counterparts in terms of average daily growth by 10.2–11.8%, absolute growth by 11.5–12.7% and average weight of a piglet at weaning by 10.0–11.4%. The advantage according to the comprehensive indices of reproductive qualities was found in hybrid piglet nests by 18.5–19.2% for IVY; SIVYAS by 26.1–26.4% and SZFTV by 0.17–3.48%. When comparing the reproductive qualities of sows of the same hybrid combinations with those of the dam breeds during their direct and backcrossing, the superiority of the hybrid litters of piglets was found in terms of: the nest weight at weaning by 0.22–2.97%; average daily gains in the subsucking period by 5.42–9.06%;%, according to the complex indices of reproductive qualities: IVY by 0.33–0.66%; SIVYAS by 2.71–3.02% and SZFTV by 1.40–2.54%. A comparison of the productivity of Great White and Landrace sows in purebred and direct and reciprocal crossbreeding showed a significantly higher number of non-viable piglets in the crossbred nests of 13.4–25.6% compared to the purebred nests. The advantage of the latter was 1.2–2.8% for the total number of piglets born, 3.9–7.9% for high fertility, 5.9–7.9% for the litter weight of piglets at birth, 0.5–3.2% for the number of piglets at weaning, – 3.4–4.8%, and the weight of the nest at this time – 3.9–8.1%, the average daily gains – 4.0–4.8% and the absolute growth of piglets in the post-weaning period – 3.3–4.0%, the complex indices of IVY – 1.5–2.3% and SIVYAS – 1.9–2.8%. At the same time, there was no difference in fertility, piglet survival to weaning and the complex index SZFTV. When comparing the productivity of sows during the hybridization of the genotype ♀LW×♂L and ♀L×♂LW of sperm-inseminated terminal boars, no significant difference was found in terms of the main indicators of reproductive capacity between animals of these combinations, but a trend towards improvement, high fertility by 3.0% was observed, litter weight of piglets at weaning by 2.9% and its weight at birth by 2.2% and survival of piglets by 2.0% in crossbred sows of the combination ♀L×♂LW for insemination with the sperm of boars of the terminal line compared to analogues of ♀LW ×♂L inseminated with the sperm of the same boars. It has been shown that direct and reciprocal crossbreeding of mother breeds can increase the cost of a piglet at weaning by 3.9–4.8% and piglet nests by 4.8–7.7% compared to the original forms. Hybridization increased the market value of a piglet by 5.2–7.3% and the litter by 4.9–10.6% compared to the purebred parent breed. At the same time, the cost of a hybrid piglet compared to the parent breed was 11.5–13.2% lower than the purebred counterpart, but the cost of hybrid litters was 7.4–10.3% higher than purebred piglets.

VETERINARY AND SANITARY ASSESSMENT OF HONEY AND OTHER BEEKEEPING PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO QUALITY AND SAFETY INDICATORS

2024-03-12T12:08:29+02:00

The purpose of the review was to provide a veterinary and sanitary evaluation of honey and other beekeeping products according to quality and safety indicators in the light of modern research to ensure consumer safety. A big problem today is the decrease in the protective functions of the body of the population of Ukraine, the increase in oncological, cardiovascular and other diseases, which is associated with a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant system due to the influence of poor nutrition, stress (war), environmental pollution with radioactive and other harmful substances. Antioxidants of natural or artificial origin are able to bind excess free radicals and prevent the accelerated oxidation of lipids and the formation of unwanted oxidation products, thus strengthening the body's protective functions. The best sources of natural antioxidants are bee products. Honey contains a significant amount of enzymes, phenols, organic acids and flavonoids. There are especially many antioxidants in dark varieties of honey. Scientifically confirmed antibacterial properties of beekeeping products: honey, propolis, bee venom, perga, royal jelly, bee pollen. However, beekeeping products have high adsorption properties, and therefore can be potentially dangerous for human health due to the accumulation of harmful substances in the soil, water and air and antibacterial drugs used to treat bees. A great danger is the use in crop production of drugs of systemic action that can accumulate in pollen and nectar. Since the price of honey is 5-10 times higher than that of sugar, it is often subject to falsification. Therefore, its quality and safety are among the national priorities of any state. In order to ensure the production of safe honey and beekeeping products, their competitiveness on the foreign market and the trust of domestic consumers in the period of man-made environmental pollution, it is necessary to carry out strengthened veterinary and sanitary control at all levels – from production, storage, supplier-procurement to the retail consumer, to carry out monitoring research, which is an important component of food security. A systematic review of domestic regulatory documentation for beekeeping products, which needs optimization, is relevant.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH AND FATTENING QUALITIES OF STEERS OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES REARED WITH INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY

2024-03-12T12:08:26+02:00

The article presents the results of research on growing and feeding bulls of the purebred Brown Swiss breed, as well as its crossbreeds with the Hereford and Belgian blue breeds, from birth to 15 months of age in farm conditions. Analysis of the actual rations of calves during the dairy (0–2 months) and post–weaning (2–4 months) periods shows that, in terms of energy, protein and other nutritional factors, they fully corresponded to the norms of feeding calves of meat breeds to obtain an average daily increase in live weight of about 1000 mg. It should be noted that during the period of rearing and fattening, the animals were fed ad libitum, and the daily rate of the feed mixture was constantly monitored by the amount of residues on the feed table (about 5%). Our research showed that the crossbreeds bulls of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups exceeded the increase in live weight of the bulls of the control group in terms of absolute growth in all age periods. In the period of 12–15 months of age, the difference between bulls of the Brown Swiss breed and crossbreeds from the Hereford breed amounted to 38.4 kg (35%) and crossbreeds with Belgian blue 56 kg (51%). Our studies showed that the crossbreed bulls of the 2nd and 3rd research groups in all age periods exceeded the increase in live weight of bulls in the control group in terms of absolute growth. In the period of 12–15 months of age, the difference between the bulls of the Brown Swiss breed and the crossbreed from the Hereford breed was 38.4 kg (35%), and the crossbreed with the Belgian blue was 56 kg (51%). Thus, the difference in live weight at the age of 6 months between bulls of the Brown Swiss breed and its crossbreeds with the Hereford breed amounted to 45.2 kg (24.1%), at the age of 9 months 93.3 kg (34.9%), at the age of 12 months 135.1 kg (37.5%), and 174 kg (37%) at the age of 15 months, with a significant difference. Crossbreeds of Belgian blue bulls, respectively, at the age of 6 months had the following indicators of live weight gain: 26.5 kg (14.1%), at the age of 9 months 56.4 kg (21), at the age of 12 months 100.5 kg (27%), and at the age of 15 months, respectively, 156 kg (33%) in comparison with steers of the Brown Swiss breed with a significant difference. It is also worth noting that, with age, regardless of genotype, the consumption of both energy and protein per unit of growth increased. Over the entire period of the experiment, crossbreeds animals better transformed both energy and protein into growth. This advantage over control for metabolic energy was 28.5 and 26.3%, and for crude protein, it was 28.8 and 26.8% for experimental groups 2 and 3. In order to increase the efficiency of cultivation and obtain a greater yield of meat raw materials from one head, one should focus on the cultivation of steers of the Belgian blue breed, which, according to our research, throughout all age periods was characterized by higher live weight and growth energy, which was reflected in the average daily growth.

DEPENDENCE OF THE TRAITS OF PRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF DAIRY CATTLE ON THE HEREDITARY INFLUENCE OF SIRES

2024-03-12T12:08:22+02:00

Research on the evaluation of sires by traits of the duration of use and lifetime productivity of their daughters was carried out in the herd for breeding of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows in the private enterprise "Burynske" of the Podlisniv branch of Stepaniv community in Sumy region. The study of the traits of milk productivity and longevity of the daughter offspring of sires of Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds testified about significant variability in the assessed traits under the influence of their heredity. According to studies of lifetime productivity indicators of the daughters of the assessed sires, the variability of lifelong milk yield and milk fat turned out to be quite significant and amounted to 14934-33031 and 570.5-1245.3 kg, respectively, with differences between the limits of 18097 and 674.8 kg (Р<0.001), which is convincing testified to the influence of the heredity of sires on these traits. Negative correlation coefficients obtained together for the herd between milk yield for the first lactation and indicators of the duration of productive use (r=-0.244) and the number of lactations during life (r=0.253) (P<0.001). Positive correlation coefficients were established between the amount of milk yield for the first lactation and the lifetime productivity indicators of the offspring of the evaluated sires. In the direction and strength of the correlation between milk yield for the first lactation and lifelong milk yield, milk fat yield, fat content, milk yield per day of life and productive use within the assessed sires there was significant variability, respectively -0.148- 0.529; -0.175-0.597; -0.114-0.266; 0.158-0.629 and 0.163-0.657. The highest correlation coefficients between the milk yield of the first lactation and lifetime indicators of milk productivity were obtained mainly from the offspring of sires with high milk yield rates of firstborns.

ACTIVITY OF THE BREEDING PART OF THE DAIRY BREEDS OF UKRAINE IN THE TEMPORAL DYNAMICS

2024-03-12T12:08:20+02:00

The breeding base of dairy cattle is represented by breeds of various directions of productivity, which are located in all natural and climatic zones (forest-steppe, polissya and steppe) of Ukraine. Some of them are local with a limited number of animals; others are spread over the entire territory of the country. Therefore, there is a constant question of monitoring the number of breeding animals of dairy breeds, as well as establishing the level of milk productivity of cows on average for the population and its dynamics over certain times periods. The informative State breeding register of breeding subjects in animal husbandry (State breeding register) with relevant indicators appears to help in solving this issue. Research has established that for the period from 2002 to 2022, the number of breeding animals and the level of the main breeding trait of both cross-border (Ayrshire, Angler, Holstein, Jersey, Swiss) and domestic (Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle, Ukrainian Red Dairy cattle, Ukrainian Brown Dairy cattle) has certain differences. The maximum amplitude of the number of the breeding part of the population and the average milk yield of cows in domestic breeds has the following values: Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle – 293696 cows in 2002 and 8158 kg of milk in 2022; Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle – 125955 heads in 2002 and 8816 kg in 2022; Ukrainian Brown Dairy cattle – 4566 kg in 2002 and 6456 kg in 2022; Ukrainian Red Dairy cattle – 36887 heads in 2006 and 6832 kg in 2022. It was also established that in terms of numbers in the Ayrshire and Ukrainian Red Dairy breeds, the wave-like values with stability in recent years were noted. In domestic breeds, namely in the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle, the reduction is 93662 heads or a decrease of 3,9 times, the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle by 173050 heads or 2,4 times and the Ukrainian Brown Dairy cattle by 3295 heads or 3,6 times. According to the average milk yield of cows in all breeds, there is a positive trend of increasing its level. The greatest increase in milk yield during the studied period is typical for cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle (+4904 kg or by 56%), Swiss (+4401 kg or by 51%) and Ayrshire (+4299 kg or by 60%) cows. A slight difference in milk yield between years is observed in cows of the Angler (+362 kg or 9%) and Jersey (+253 kg or 4%) breeds.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACCUMULATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN THE INSOLUBLE FRACTION OF BEE DUMP AND PERGA

2024-03-12T12:08:17+02:00

In recent years, due to the deterioration of the environment, increased requirements have been put forward in relation to the quality and safety of beekeeping products. Keeping bee colonies in the zone of industrial pollution or near major transport routes negatively affects the quality of beekeeping products. Harmful substances such as heavy metals can get into the nectar and pollen that bees use to make honey and other products. This may have a negative impact on the quality and safety of these products for consumers. It is important to implement pollution reduction strategies in individual regions and to control production in areas where environmental pollution is possible. The purpose of the study was to study the intensity of accumulation of cadmium and lead in bee honey and comb and in the insoluble fractions of these products. The obtained research results show a certain dependence of the content of lead and cadmium in bee honey and comb produced in the same environmental conditions. The highest content of these toxicants was found in this product from herbaceous pollinators, white clover and dandelion, and the lowest content from woody pollinators (Tatar maple, hawthorn, linden). Differences in the content of lead and cadmium in the insoluble fraction of bee pollen were revealed depending on the botanical origin of the nectaries. In bee honey and its insoluble fraction, a higher content of heavy metals was recorded from white clover and dandelion compared to hawthorn, Tatar maple and small-leaved linden. The largest share of lead relative to the total content of heavy metals was found in the insoluble fraction of bee pollen from dandelion, cadmium – from white clover. The least lead and cadmium-contaminated samples were made from Tatar maple. The highest content of lead was found in perga and its insoluble fraction from the pollen of garden nectarines, winter rapeseed, hawthorn, dandelion, cadmium – from sunflower and white burdock.

PROSPECTS FOR USE IN PIG FEEDING FLOUR FROM BLACK LION INSECT LARVAE

2024-03-12T12:08:13+02:00

The article summarizes the information of foreign and domestic research on the use of insect flour as an ingredient in the diet of fodder for growing animals and poultry, noting its nutritional value and prospects for use. Protein concentrate obtained from various insects, such as black lionfish, mealworms, midge bees and others, is made in the form of flour. The composition of nutrients in such flour varies depending on the type of insect, the substrate on which they are grown, and the production methods. The fly larva has a unique ability to absorb various biological wastes, such as organic residues and processing products. This feature makes the fly farming process an environmentally friendly alternative, while significantly reducing greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. The purpose of the study was to analyze existing research and prospects for the use of protein feed from insects in pig farming. Insect meal is a source of protein, amino acids (lysine, methionine) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, zinc), having high digestibility, which makes it a valuable component of feed for livestock. The use of this flour in the diet of animals and poultry has a positive effect on the intestinal microbiota and improves the biochemical parameters of the blood of animals, contributes to the improvement of growth productivity and meat quality, as well as to the reduction of production costs and the impact of industry on the environment. Black lionfly larvae meal is rich in essential amino acids (16.08%), in particular, leucine (3.53%), valine (3.41%) and lysine (3.37%). Oil from the larvae of Hermetia illucens contains lauric, linoleic, palmitic, oleic and myristic acids. Meal and fat from the black lionfish insect is a promising alternative for partial replacement of traditional high-protein ingredients in pig diets without negative effects on growth rates, pork quality and animal health. Feeding piglets meal from black lion insects changes the immune status and intestinal morphology, increases protein digestibility and digestibility of dry matter, increases average daily gains of animals and has economic efficiency of production per unit of gain, and also improves slaughter performance and pork quality.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPICAL FACTORS ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK

2024-03-12T12:08:10+02:00

Improving the quality characteristics of dairy cheese is an important component of increasing the profitability of the dairy industry. For this purpose, scientists recommend a number of selection measures aimed at increasing the content of fat and protein in milk. Among the main directions of improvement of the dairy herd is the use of breeders evaluated for the quality of the offspring, which have a high breeding value. This issue becomes especially important with the increase in the use of imported breeders and the reduction in the use of domestic breeders. In order to fulfill the set goal, research was carried out in the state breeding plant of the SE "Research Farm of the Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine", Sumy District, on animals of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed. The object of the study was milk samples from a group of cows of the above-mentioned breeds. Quality indicators of milk were studied according to generally accepted methods. Qualitative indicators – the content of fat, protein, dry matter, dry skimmed milk residue, were determined by the method of ultrasonic diagnostics on the milk quality analyzer "Ekomilk" type Milkana KAM 98-2A. The origin of animals by father and lineal affiliation was determined according to the data of the primary zootechnical record using the SUMS "ORSEK" program. According to the obtained results, it was established that there is a statistically significant difference in the content of the main components of milk between animals of different genealogical lines. The Chief 1427381 cows dominate the milk fat content with a statistically significant difference. While the Starbuck 352790 cows dominate the protein content. The Chief 1427381 cows dominate the average dry matter content in the milk, while the Starbuck 352790 cows have the highest average dry matter content skimmed milk residue. A more significant difference is established between animals of different parentage. Daughters of breeders Bugatti 538441328, Chifa line 1427381 and Levits 356447182 line Eleveishna 1491007 were distinguished by the highest content of fat in milk. Daughters of breeder Fawn 356552537 of Eleveishna line 1491007 were distinguished by the lowest average content of fat in milk. Cows originating from breeders Shake 580694289 of Starbuck line 352790 had a higher protein content and protein content higher than 3.00%. Matis 103439288 of the Chief line 1427381 and Detectives 349159846 of the Starbuck line 352790. Daughters of the breeder Faun 356552537 of the Eleveishna line 1491007 were distinguished by the lowest protein content in milk. The results obtained by us testify to the possibility of improving the qualitative characteristics of milk productivity through selection work.

THE INFLUENCE OF ZINC ON THE QUALITY OF SPERM PRODUCTION OF BOARS UNDER THE EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS

2024-03-12T12:08:07+02:00

In increasing the reproductive capacity of boars and sows, the leading role belongs to zinc, which ensures a normal level of the antioxidant protection system and their growth and development processes. This microelement in the form of chelates is more accessible to the body than from inorganic compounds, which requires further research in the direction of normalized feeding of pigs. The aim of the study was to find out the specifics of the influence of zinc on the quality of sperm production of boars and peroxidation processes in boars during the period of heat stress. For the experiment, 15 boars of the Large White breed, similar in age, live weight and quality of sperm production, were selected, from which 3 groups of animals with 5 heads each were formed: I (control) and E1, E2 (experimental). The boars were fed according to feed standards. The diet of the animals of the I(C) group remained unchanged, groups E1 and E2 were with the addition of zinc by 5 and 10%, respectively, higher than the norm. The effect of heat stress in boars worsens the quality of sperm production – the volume of ejaculate decreases (Р<0.001), the concentration of sperm (Р<0.05), the number of live spermatozoa in the ejaculate (Р<0.001). The addition of zinc chelated form to the diet of boars by 5% more than the norm increases the volume of ejaculate: on the 45th day by 16.5% (Р<0.001) and on the 60th day – by 21.4% (Р<0.001). The consumption of the maximum dose of zinc in the form of chelate by boars reduces the quality indexes of sperm production: sperm concentration (Р<0.001), number of sperm (Р<0.05), number of live sperm in ejaculate (Р<0.001) during the period of heat stress. Such changes occur against the background of acceleration of lipid peroxidation processes in blood of boars, especially in those that received the maximum dose, which is manifested in an increase in the concentration of diene conjugates and TBC-active complexes. A peculiarity of the dynamics of the activity of the zinc-containing enzyme – superoxide dismutase in blood of boars during the period of heat stress was a decrease by 30.2% (Р<0.001) in animals that consumed 5% zinc chelate for 45 days, and under the condition of consuming 10% of this microelement, its level increased by 21.4% (Р<0.01). It should be noted that in animals that consumed the maximum dose (10%) of the microelement, the activity of this enzyme probably increased after the end of the main and final periods. At the same time, the level of SOD in the animals of the experimental groups on the 60th day of the main period was higher by 13.2% (E1) and by 31.6% (Р<0.001) (E2) compared to the intact group.

GROWTH, PRESERVATION AND EFFICIENCY OF PIG FATTENING UNDER CONSTANT AND VARIABLE IN THE POST-WEANING PERIOD ON REARING AND FATTENING FEEDING SYSTEMS

2024-03-12T12:08:05+02:00

The article studied the intensity of growth, preservation, productive qualities and economic efficiency of rearing and fattening piglets under an unchanged liquid feeding system throughout the entire production cycle compared to a feeding system in which liquid feed was replaced with dry during rearing. It was established that experimental piglets from their liquid feeding in the suckling period showed a fairly high growth energy and good preservation. During rearing, piglets that remained on the liquid feeding system consumed about 20.9% more feed, showed 11.7% higher average daily gains and absolute gains, and reached a 9.2% higher mass at the end of rearing. At the same time, they had 10.5% worse feed conversion compared to their counterparts who were transferred to a dry feeding system after weaning from sows. It has been proven that the change in the feeding system during rearing led to a 2.6% decrease in daily feed intake during fattening, which in turn caused a 2.0% lower growth intensity, 1.0% lower absolute gains, a 2. 9% of the age of reaching the marketable weight of 120 kg, and together with a lower weight at the time of fattening, a 2.9% lower weight of piglets at the end of fattening. No significant differences were found between the group with an unchanged feeding system and the group of animals in which the feeding system changed during life, according to the survival of piglets during fattening, the payment of feed by increments and the complex index of fattening qualities. It was established that piglets after transferring them from liquid feed during the weaning period to dry feed during rearing consumed 20.9% less compound feed per head, had a 10.5% lower feed cost per 1 kg of growth, 17 .7% of the operating cost of raising one piglet, and 4.8% of its cost at the end of raising. But due to the lower intensity of growth, and as a result, less live weight at the end of the growing period, they had a 9.2% lower sales value, a 16.5% lower income from the sale of one head, and a 7.52% lower production profitability compared to with analogues in which the feeding system was unchanged during the weaning period and the growing–up period. During the fattening period of animals of this group, due to their better feed conversion, the feed and operational cost of fattening one head turned out to be 1.6% better, and due to the significantly lower cost of raising piglets, the operational cost of one pig head at the end of fattening was set at 5 .9% lower, at the same time, the market value of one animal of this group was 2.9% lower. Despite the higher selling price of one head of pigs, which had an unchanged feeding system throughout the entire production cycle, the income from their sale, due to the higher cost of rearing and fattening of these animals, turned out to be 1.7% lower compared to analogues in which the liquid feeding system changed during rearing on dry, which caused a 5.23% worse profitability of the entire process of obtaining breeding and fattening of pigs of this group.

COMPARISON OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF COWS' MILK UKRAINIAN BLACK-SPOTTED DAIRY BREEDS OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN

2024-03-12T12:07:23+02:00

Formation of qualitative and quantitative indicators of milk productivity of cows is influenced by genotypic and paratypic factors. Between animals of different origins, there is a significant difference in the amount of milk yield and the content of its individual components in milk. Animals with the highest milk productivity usually have a lower content of milk components and vice versa. In order to fulfill the set goal, 35 animals of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed and 35 cows of the Sumy inbred type of the Ukrainian black-spotted breed were carried out in the state breeding plant of the SE "Experimental farm of the Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine", Sumy district dairy breed. The content of components in milk was determined in the laboratory of the Sumy National Agrarian University using the Ultrasonic milk analyzer Master Classic, manufactured by Milkotester Ltd (Bulgaria). As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the average amount of milk yield of the animals of the experimental groups meets the standards of the breed. In terms of fat and protein content in cow's milk, breed standards prevailed. Animals of the first group had a statistically insignificant advantage in the content of the main components of milk. At the same time, they also prevailed in the content of somatic cells. It was established that in the animals of the studied groups there are relationships of different direction and magnitude between the content of individual components. Statistically significant correlation coefficients were found between the content of: fat and protein; fat and casein; fat and dry matter; protein and casein; protein and dry matter; protein and dry skimmed milk residue. A statistically significant relationship was established between the content of somatic cells and the content of individual components of milk. A decrease in the content of lactose, dry matter and dry skimmed milk residue was noted with an increase in the content of somatic cells in milk.