Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Livestock

THE USE OF FEED ENZYMES IN THE DIETS OF FARROWING AND SUCKLING SOWS

Viacheslav Vasylovych Popsui — 2024-10-08

Feed additive Allzyme PT of the leading feed company Alltek UK Ltd. is an enzyme agent for better assimilation of wheat, rye or triticale in the rations of poultry and pigs. The general effect of using this drug consists in neutralization of antinutritional substances, release and assimilation of additional metabolic energy, increase of protein digestibility and availability of amino acids, and reduction of chyme viscosity. The use of this feed additive allows you to increase the nutritional value of grains by 4-10%, depending on the type and type of grain ingredients of the diet. Many experiments have established that the introduction of fat additives into compound feed also has a positive effect on the reproductive qualities of sows, the growth and development of piglets. Based on the conclusions of previous researchers, it was decided to introduce fat additives and enzyme preparations into the diet of sows, confirm or refute their conclusions, and independently establish the effect of fat additives and enzyme preparations on the reproductive qualities of sows and their effect on biochemical indicators of blood. The final goal of the experiment was to determine the expediency of using the enzymatic preparation "Allzyme PT" independently or with the simultaneous introduction of 2.5% sunflower oil into the basic diet in a specific commercial enterprise. Having analyzed the results of the scientific and production experience, it can be concluded that the best effect on the reproductive qualities of sows has the addition to the diet of the combination complex of feed preparations "sunflower oil + feed enzyme Allzaim PT". This is explained by the fact that vegetable oils contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids – linoleic and linoleic, which are necessary for the construction of cells and some hormones, but cannot be synthesized in the body of pigs. The use in diets of specific enzyme complexes that break down non-starchy polysaccharides allows you to significantly increase the digestibility of nutrients from it. As a result, the level of metabolic energy, assimilation of protein and amino acids, and carbohydrates increases significantly. The simultaneous use of such an optimal combination of feed additives leads to an improvement in the conversion of feed due to its digestibility, and, as a result, has a positive effect on the improvement of feed assimilation, an increase in the safety of piglets and their live weight, which in general leads to a decrease in costs per unit of production and confirmed by the economic analysis of the results of zootechnical studies. Additional annual income on the farm after the introduction of the technology of feeding sows, the addition of sunflower oil to the main ration adopted in the farm together with the enzyme feed Allzaim PT will allow to increase the production of products on the reproduction plot by 5198.8 UAH on the nest of sows.

THE EFFICIENCY OF SELECTION AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF REPRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF SOWS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL FARMS IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE JUTLAND PENINSULA

I. B. Voshchenko — 2024-10-08

It was established that due to the focus of breeding Danish pigs on improving fertility, its annual increase was 1.63% over the 10 years studied, the number of weaned piglets per sow increased annually during this period by –1.53%, the litter weight of piglets at birth by 0, 81% and at weaning by 0.90%. At the same time, the number of signs negatively correlated with multiple fertility decreased annually over the last decade. Thus, high fertility decreased annually by 0.71%, the weight of one piglet at weaning by 0.52%, the average daily growth during the suckling period by 0.77%, the absolute growth during this period by 0.47%, and the survival of piglets before weaning by 0.08%. But, despite the decrease in some signs of reproductive capacity, due to a significant increase in the number of live piglets at birth, the comprehensive indices of reproductive qualities of sows increased by 1.26–1.45% annually. It has been proven that the intensive selection of sows of Danish breeding to increase fertility contributed to an annual increase of 1.54% in the number of piglets weaned from the sow per year, caused a 0.32% extension of the duration of lactation and increased the mortality of sows by 0.13%. At the same time, along with improving the conditions of keeping and feeding sows, it contributed to a 1.69% reduction in the number of non–productive days in a sow per year, a reduction in annual feed costs per sow by 0.90% and by 2.12% per weaned piggy. According to calculations of the strength and direction of the relationship between the main reproductive and technological traits, it was established that multifertility had a very high direct probable correlation strength with the number of weaned piglets per farrowing (r = 0.95); by the number of weaned piglets per sow per year (r = 0.90); high direct probable strength of correlation with nest mass at weaning (r = 0.81); a weak direct relationship with the duration of lactation (r = 0.28); a weak feedback relationship with the weight of one piglet at weaning (r = – 0.25) and the survival of piglets (r = – 0.11). The number of piglets weaned per sow per year was positively correlated with very high strength (r = 0.96) with the number of piglets at weaning per farrowing; multiple fertility (r = 0.90); moderate strength (r = 0.63) with the weight of the nest of piglets at weaning, weak strength with the duration of lactation (r = 0.03) and preservation – (r = 0.22), and a weak inverse correlation of moderate strength with mass of one piglet at weaning (r = – 0.43). The litter weight of piglets at weaning had a strong positive correlation with multiple fertility (r = 0.81), the number of piglets weaned from a sow per farrowing (r = 0.73) and per year (r = 0.63), a weak positive correlation with the duration of lactation (r = 0.25) and a weak inverse correlation with the survival of piglets (r = –0.20) and the weight of one piglet at weaning (r = –0.18).

OPTIMIZATION OF COW FEEDING BY USING ECOVET MINERAL-VITAMIN PREMIX

V. A. Hlavatchuk — 2024-10-08

The article presents the results of the study of the effect of feeding mineral-vitamin premix "Ekovet" on milk productivity and milk quality of cows. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the use and influence of the "Ekovet" premix on the parameters of milk productivity, milk quality and reproductive capacity of cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed. The subject of research is milk yield, fat and protein content, milk density, feed consumption per 1 kg of milk, reproductive functions of cows. Research methods: zootechnical (conducting experiments on animals in farm conditions), statistical (biometric processing of digital data), analytical (literature review and generalization of research). Covering the deficiency of phosphorus, manganese, copper, zinc, iodine, cobalt, vitamin D, and selenium with the introduction of the Ekovet premix into the diet contributed to an increase in the average daily milk yield of natural fat by 1.5 kg or 5.9%, and an increase in the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk by 0.05 and 0.07%. In terms of 4.0% milk, the cows of the experimental group surpassed their counterparts from the control group in gross milk yield by 153.1 kg, and in average daily milk yield by 1.71 kg, which is 7.4% relative to the control. The use of "Ekovet" mineral-vitamin premix in the rations of cows ensured a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of milk: in IVF – by 5.15%, in digestible protein – by 5.4%. Enrichment of cows' rations with a mineral-vitamin premix contributed to an increase in calcium, phosphorus, and lactose in milk. With the use of the "Ekovet" premix, the duration of the service period and the inter-housing period decreased by 8 days, the insemination index – by 10.3%. It was established that the level of milk productivity of cows increased by 1.6 kg or 8.6% when using the premix. At the same time, the service period of the cows of the experimental group was shorter by 9 days and amounted to 82 days compared to the control value of 91 days. An increase in the productivity of cows was accompanied by a decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of milk by 0.09 energy feed units. In order to increase the milk productivity of cows, increase the profitability of milk production, and reduce feed costs, we recommend introducing into the diet mineral-vitamin premix "Ekovet" in the amount of 40 g per 1 head per day.

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN LIVE WEIGHT, FEED CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY OF BREEDING OF SURGICALLY AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY CASTRATED MALE PIGS

D. V. Zhdanov — 2024-10-08

The purpose of the research was to establish the dependence of the intensity of growth of male pigs and to investigate the economic effect of the use of surgical and immune castration methods in the conditions of an industrial pig complex and to evaluate the economic efficiency of pork production using different methods of castration. It was found that during the weaning period, the difference between surgically and immunologically castrated male pigs in the intensity of growth was less than one percent, while in the growing period it increased to 3.8%, and in the first period of fattening it increased to 6.6%, while in its final phase, it decreased to 4.2%. In terms of absolute gains, it was 0.04 kg in the weaning period, 1.2 kg in the growing period, 2.5 kg in the first fattening period, and 2.4 kg in its final phase. According to the average live weight at the beginning and at the end of the suckling period, the difference was unchanged and amounted to only 0.8%, while at the end of the growing period it reached 4.3%, at the end of the first fattening period it was 5.6%, and at the end of the last during that period was 4.9%. It has been proven that when immunocastration of boars was carried out compared to surgical castration under dry feeding, the average daily growth rate increased by 5.21% and fattening by 10.11%, the absolute growth rate by 18.46% and fattening by 5.30%, increase in live weight of animals at the end of fattening by 7.40%, improvement of feed conversion in rearing by 1.48%, in fattening by 4.33% and by 5.04% from birth to slaughter. At the same time, immunocastrated male pigs consumed 2.54% more feed during their lifetime, the cost of which was 5.07% higher compared to surgical castrates, and taking into account the cost of vaccination by 8.84%. While the cost of feed and vaccine per 1 kg of gain was only 1.27% higher in immunocastrated animals compared to surgically castrated counterparts.

PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF SOWS OF THE GREAT WHITE AND LANDRACE BREEDS OF ENGLISH ORIGIN DURING PUREBRED BREEDING AND CROSSING AND THE APPEARANCE OF VARIOUS FORMS OF HETEROSIS WHEN COMBINING THESE BREEDS

M. I. Kremez — 2024-10-08

The article compares the reproductive qualities of sows of Great White and Landrace mother breeds of English origin for their purebred breeding and direct and backcrossing in the conditions of an industrial complex for pork production. It was established that when pigs of two parent breeds were crossed with each other, the total number of piglets born increased by 4.7–8.9%, multiple fertility by 3.0–5.3%, large fertility by 1.5–2.3%, mass nests of piglets at birth by 4.9–5.4%, their number at weaning by 0.8–3.1%, the weight of one piglet at weaning by 2.7–5.1%, and the weight of a nest of piglets during this period by 1.6–8.4% and average daily increases by 1.0–5.5%. At the same time, a deterioration in the preservation of piglets before weaning by 0.6–3.7% and an increase in the share of stillborn piglets by 1.1–3.1% were found. For purebred breeding of animals of the original genotypes, the advantages of large white sows in terms of the total number of piglets at birth by 3.8%, multifertility by 2.1% over animals of the landrace breed and, accordingly, the deterioration of indicators of large fertility by 2.3%, the number of piglets at weaning by 1.5%, the weight of one piglet at weaning by 1.9%, and the weight of the litter at this time by 3.4% and average daily gains during the suckling period by 1.8%, while there is no practical difference in the weight of the litter of piglets at birth is established No significant difference was found between the indices of reproductive qualities of sows of the original maternal forms for their purebred and both versions of their crossing. It has been proven that when sows of the large white breed were combined with boars of the Landrace breed, the value of all forms of heterosis was higher in terms of the total number of piglets at birth, multiple fertility, litter weight of piglets at birth. At the same time, according to indicators of high fertility, the number of piglets, the mass of one piglet and the nest as a whole at weaning and the intensity of growth of piglets in the post–weaning period, the highest values f all forms of heterosis were noted in sows of the landrace breed in reverse mating with boars of the large white breed. According to the preservation of piglets, almost all forms of heterosis were absent, both in direct and backcrossing of maternal breeds of pigs. It was found that the form of positive overdominance inherited such indicators of reproductive capacity as fertility, number of piglets, weight of one head and weight of the nest of piglets at weaning, average daily growth of piglets in the post–weaning period for both variants of the combination of pigs of maternal breeds. Also, according to this type of phenotypic dominance, the total number of piglets at birth and their survival in the direct combination of pigs of two maternal breeds and high fertility in their reverse combination were inherited. According to the form of positive dominance, high fecundity was inherited for the direct version of the combination (♀LW×♂L) and the total number of piglets born for its reverse (♀L×♂LW) version. An intermediate form of inheritance for both direct and reverse variants of crossbreeding pigs of two maternal breeds had litter weight of piglets at birth and their preservation under the reverse variant of crossbreeding.

THE CURRENT STATE OF UKRAINIAN, EUROPEAN AND WORLD PIG FARMING AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT

M. І. Kremez — 2024-10-08

The aim of this study is to analyze the development of meat production over the past decades, with a focus on pig farming as a key component of global, European, and national production. The paper compares the trends in pig farming development worldwide, in Europe, and in Ukraine, and examines the factors influencing the efficiency of this sector. Special attention is given to the dynamics of pork production and its role in ensuring food security. The research materials include statistical data from FAO, European and Ukrainian statistical agencies, the analytical department of the Ukrainian Pig Breeders Association, and scientific publications by experts in pig farming. The methodology involves data synthesis and analysis, as well as a comparative method for assessing the development of the global, European, and Ukrainian pig industries. Pork holds a significant share of global meat production, second only to poultry. In 2020, global pork production reached 109 million tons, with an expected increase of 16.3% over the next 10 years. The main pork producers are China, the European Union, the USA, Canada, and Brazil, while the largest consumers include China, the EU, Japan, and Vietnam. In the European Union, pig farming is also of key importance, especially due to high pork self–sufficiency in countries like Spain, Germany, France, and Denmark. Despite a decline in the pig population in some EU countries due to the spread of African swine fever (ASF) and the economic crisis, Spain shows growth thanks to effective ASF control and expansion of production capacities. Ukraine, with a long history of pig farming, is currently in a difficult situation due to the crisis that began in 1991. Before that, pig farming was one of the key sectors of livestock production, accounting for up to 40% of total meat consumption. However, after the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine’s pig population significantly decreased, as did pork production volumes. Despite this, Ukraine has great potential to restore the industry, thanks to the availability of feed resources and a favorable geographic location. According to domestic scientists, pork is an important source of protein for the human body, as it contains all the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body. It is known that 10–12 of the 20 amino acids are synthesized in the human body, while the rest must come from food, particularly animal–based products. Pork is a valuable source not only of proteins but also of vitamins and minerals, making it an important element of a balanced diet. Thus, the development of pig farming is strategically important for ensuring food security and economic stability in countries.

MARBLING OF M. LONGISSIMUS DORSI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER BEEF TRAITS

O. P. Kruk — 2024-10-08

The classification of animals of different productivity directions by marbling of m. longissimus dorsi and determination of its correlation with slaughter, physical, technological and sensory properties of beef are relevant. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the relationship between marbling of m. longissimus dorsi and slaughter, morphological, physical and technological characteristics of carcasses and sensory properties of cooked meat and broth from it in 18-24-month-old bulls of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The possibility of using the marbling of the longissimus dorsi as a criterion for evaluating the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of beef was determined. The study was carried out on 34 carcasses in the farm ‘Zhuravushka’, Brovary district, Kyiv region. Immediately after slaughtering the animals, according to the methodology given in the JMGA (2000) standard, the marbling of m. longissimus dorsi and fat coverage of carcasses in accordance with the EUROP (2008) system, the colour of muscle and adipose tissue, and the area of the ‘muscle eye’ according to the JMGA (2000) standard were determined. The chemical composition of the beef was analysed in the laboratory of the Department of Meat, Fish and Seafood Technology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences. The aroma, juiciness, tenderness, ease of chewing of cooked beef and the colour, taste, and strength of the broth made from it were tasted in the Meat Quality Laboratory of the Department of Milk and Meat Production Technologies of the same university. It was found that the marbling of m. longissimus dorsi correlates inversely (r=-0.351; P>0.95) with the protein content of meat and penetration stress (r=-0.410; P>0.95) and positively (r=0.617; P>0.95) with the taste and aroma of boiled meat broth. There is a tendency for an inverse correlation between marbling and slaughter traits, including the content of muscle tissue of the highest and first grades, adipose and connective tissue, the development of subcutaneous fat, the colour of muscle and adipose tissue, pH (acidity), dry matter, water-binding capacity, juiciness, aroma and the residue of boiled meat after chewing. There is a tendency for a positive correlation between the marbling of beef and the content of secondgrade muscle tissue, bones, ‘muscle eye area’ m. longissimus dorsi, subcutaneous fat thickness and carcass conformation, and the content of moisture, fat and minerals in meat. In the future, the results obtained can be used to predict the quantitative and qualitative traits of beef by the marbling of m. longissimus dorsi.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COWS’ LONGEVITY DEPENDING ON THE HEREDITY OF IMPROVING BREED

Yu. M. Pavlenko — 2024-10-08

Research studies of the cows’ longevity depending on the heredity of improving breed have conducted in the herd for breeding of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds in the private enterprise "Burynske" of Podlisniv branch in Sumy district. Four experimental groups were evaluated depending on conditional blood for improving breed: I – 62,6-75,0%; II – 75,1-87,5; III – 87,6-93,8 and IV – 93,9-100%, which is attributed to purebred Holsteins of domestic selection. The general regularity of the dependence of longevity traits of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows is that with the growth of Holstein heredity in the genotype of crossbred animals, the indicators of lifetime, productive use, and number of used lactations during life and coefficient of economic use decrease with varying degrees of reliability. Herd size of cows from the fourth group reduced their lifetime compared to animals of the I-III groups by 179-605 days (Р<0.01-0.001), productive use by 167-543 days (Р<0.01-0.001), the number of lactations by 0.4-1.3 (Р<0.01-0.001) and coefficient of economic use by 1.4-4.9%. With an increase in Holstein heredity from 62.5 to 100% in crossbred animals, the indicators of the main traits of productive longevity – lifelong milk yield, milk fat yield, milk yield per day of lactation, productive use and life – increase. The highest lifetime milk yield was obtained from purebred animals of group IV, in terms of lifetime milk yield (28174 kg), exceeding the same indicator for the herd average (25953 kg) by 2221 kg of milk (P<0.001), provided that the total duration of the lactation period was reduced by 163 days. The excess of the cows from the first group in terms of lifetime milk yield was 3202 (P<0.001), the second group – 2720 (P<0.001) and the third – 1602 kg (P<0.05). The highest yield of milk fat in purebred Holsteins compared with the first group was 118 kg (P<0.001), with a significant difference, the second – 97 (P<0.01), the third – 53 (the difference is not significant) and the herd average – 81 kg (P<0.01). The variability within the test groups for fat content is insignificant (3.75-3.78%). In terms of milk yield per day of lactation, the best were the cows of group IV (25.4 kg), with the superiority of crossbred genotypes and the herd average with a difference of 2.8-8.6 kg (P < 0.001). In terms of milk yield per day of productive use (23.2 kg) and life (16.6 kg), compared with groups I-III and the average value for the herd, the difference was, respectively, 5-9 and 3.3-5.8 kg of milk (P<0.001).

THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF GROWTH OF LIVE WEIGHT OF HEIFERS ON THE FORMATION OF THE EXTERIOR OF DAIRY COWS

Yu. P. Polupan — 2024-10-08

In the herd of the breeding farm LLC "Agrofirma "Svitanok"", comprising 895 cows, the level of correlated variability between the growth intensity of heifer body weight and the exterior of first-calf heifers of dairy breeds was determined. In the majority of cases, an inverse relationship was found between the age at exterior assessment of first-calf heifers and the growth intensity of heifers. First-calf heifers with higher average daily weight gains generally exhibited better development in most measurements, as evidenced by predominantly statistically significant positive correlation coefficients, which noticeably increased during the pubertal (6-9 and 9-12 months) period (up to 56.4%) and gradually decreased thereafter. A noticeable and significant relationship between the index of declining relative growth rate and the age at exterior assessment indirectly indicates that heifers with slower body weight development tend to have a younger age at calving. The patterns of age-related dynamics in the correlated variability of heifer weight gains and subsequent measurements of first-calf cows observed over three-month periods are also maintained over six-month age periods. It was established that the growth intensity during the period of sexual maturation of heifers had the most significant impact on the development of most body measurements in first-calf heifers. The identified correlation between the body measurements of first-calf heifers and the weight gains of heifers is partially confirmed when using visual linear assessment of body type according to the scoring scale. A statistically significant direct correlation was found with growth and size traits (r = 4.7…21.2%), chest traits (7.9…33.9%), udder traits (2.9…17.6%), and the overall score (3.7…22.8%). The highest degree of correlated variability with weight gains over three-month and six-month periods was found with the leg length index (up to 38.6%), bone index (up to 37.4%), and pelvic-chest index (up to -29.4%). The statistically significant level of correlated variability between the exterior of first-calf heifers and the average daily weight gains of heifers confirms the importance of intensive growth of young stock for forming the desired exterior type in cows, especially during the period of intensive sexual maturation from 6 months to one year of age.

ANALYSIS AND DYNAMICS OF THE STATE OF BREEDING LIVESTOCK IN UKRAINE FOR 2022 – 2023

A. Ye. Pochukalin — 2024-10-08

Valuable genetic material of agricultural animals is listed in the State Register of Breeding Livestock Subjects. The importance of this matter is undeniable, as the information in this register serves as a benchmark for conducting a successful selection process. Moreover, continuous monitoring has established trends in the increase not only in productivity levels within breeds, types, and lines but also provides an understanding of population dynamics by their numbers. For a long time now, Ukraine has been facing military actions, with a part of its territory under temporary occupation. These and socio-economic conditions have triggered a mechanism leading to the reduction of the majority of agricultural animal populations, and in some cases, their disappearance (according to the register). For instance, there is no information available on three breeds of pigs (the Ukrainian Meat, the Ukrainian Steppe White and the Ukrainian Steppe Spotted), the Trakehner horse breed, the Angler and Ukrainian White-Headed cattle breeds, the Polissya bee breed, and breeds and crosses of ducks, quails, and the sericulture and fur farming industries. In 2023, the breeding livestock population totals 3180038 heads, with 82.5% in the poultry sector and 11% in dairy cattle. This dynamic indicates a decrease in the population of beef cattle (-734 heads), pig farming (-14179 heads), sheep farming (-3210 heads), including striped sheep (-1182 heads), horse breeding (-99 heads), and goose farming (-7.7 thousand heads), while simultaneously increasing in dairy cattle (+6061 heads), fish farming (+8504 heads), beekeeping (+534 bee colonies), and poultry farming (+96.7 thousand heads). Regarding the presence of breeds and types, they are distributed across the livestock sectors as follows: 12 for beef cattle and sheep farming, 11 for dairy cattle, 10 for horse breeding, and 7 for pig farming. Among the widely represented biodiversity, certain breeds stand out by their maximum share. For instance, the Large White pig breed accounts for 57%, the Holstein dairy cattle breed for 50.3%, the Romanov sheep breed for 41%, the Aberdeen Angus beef cattle breed for 42%, and the Ukrainian Riding Horse breed for 35%.

PECULIARITIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL LOCATORS OF VIM IN CORIVA-PRISTOCKS OF BROWN PORDS

I. A. Rubtsov — 2024-10-08

In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to improving the quality indicators of livestock products in dairy farming. This primarily concerns dairy products. The prospect of joining the EU and increasing exports to these countries require domestic producers to adopt their standards. Livestock udders are of great importance for obtaining such products. Therefore, we studied the morphological indicators of the udder of brown breeds in the conditions of the "Mayak" TDV of the Sumy district. This is one of the profile farms for breeding swan and brown dairy breeds. Animals of the brown dairy breed probably exceeded the counterparts of the Swan breed in terms of udder girth by 11.1 cm (11.3%, Р>0.999). The shortest udder length was also observed in first-born cows of the Swan breed – 32.4 cm, with an advantage of brown dairy cows by 2.4 cm (Р>0.99). In terms of udder width, the first-born cows of the brown dairy breed also outnumbered the counterparts of the Swan breed. The average diameter of the udders of experimental first-born cows of brown breeds was in the range of 2.31 – 2.68 cm. The existing milking equipment can provide milking of cows with an udder diameter in the upper part of up to 30 mm. The distance between the front udders in experimental animals ranged from 13.5 to 14.2 cm. At the same time, a distance of 10 to 20 cm is desirable. The distance between the rear udders is 51.1 – 55.6% of the distance between the front udders. So, udder girth 0.8 – 15.7%, length 1.1%, width – 0.6%, front lobe depth – 3.2 – 13.7%, front teat length – 6.4 – 11.0%, with a front teat diameter of 4.4 – 33.3% of first-born brown cows of individual browns do not meet the minimum requirements for machine milking. The main method that is most often used in the improvement of dairy and combined breeds of livestock is purebred breeding. It is based on the laws of heredity and variability of the main economically useful traits, thanks to which dairy cattle are bred. In the selection work to improve the morphological features of the udder, it is positive that there are positive correlations between most of the features. We established a relationship between the udder girth (r = +0.415 – +0.425), the depth of the front part of the udder (r = +0.279 – +0.354), the distance between the front teats (r = +0.233 – +0.328), the distance from the slope to of the front edge of the udder (r= +0.335 – +0.346) and single milking with medium degrees of probability (Р>0.95, Р>0.99) depending on breed characteristics.

PRODUCTIVITY OF HYBRID PIGS OF ENGLISH ORIGIN UNDER DRY AND COMBINED FEEDING SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

О. S. Tishchenko — 2024-10-08

The article studied the preservation of pigs, the intensity of their growth and the payment of pig increments from birth to sale for slaughter under dry and combined feeding systems throughout the entire production cycle. The material for the study was the productive indicators of hybrid pigs of English origin, obtained from a combination of sows (♀ВБ×♂L) and boars of the synthetic line РИС–337 in the conditions of an industrial complex, some of which were grown and fattened under a dry feeding system from birth to slaughter, and the other part was transferred from a dry to a liquid feeding system after growing out. It was established that with the same system of feeding and maintenance in the weaning period and during rearing, there was no significant difference in the intensity of growth of piglets, as well as in the payment of feed in increments. After the transfer of pigs of the experimental group from dry feed during rearing to a liquid system during fattening, caused a slight, by 0.6% deterioration in the preservation of the pig population, but contributed to obtaining a 9.9% higher average daily and absolute gains, by 7, 8% of the weight of pigs at the end of fattening, 5.3% shorter age of reaching 120 kg, 2.9% improvement in feed conversion and 24.4% in the complex index of fattening qualities compared to their counterparts left on a dry feeding system. Animals that had constant dry feed from birth to slaughter had during this period 7.9% lower growth intensity and absolute gains, at the end of the period reached 7.8% less live weight, and showed 1.9% worse feed conversion compared to their counterparts who were transferred to a liquid feeding system after rearing, while no significant difference was found in the survival of piglets. Transferring piglets after rearing on dry fodder to fattening with liquid fodder mixtures did not impair their preservation, at the same time it contributed to the increase of average daily and absolute gains, weight of pigs at the end of fattening, feed conversion and shortening of the fattening period.

ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC PARAMETERS OF LIVE WEIGHT MEAT AND EGGS HENS OF DIFFERENT GENETIC ORIGIN

V. P. Khvostik — 2024-10-08

The article presents the results of studies on the evaluation of the polygenically determined quantitative trait "live weight" under the influence of the interaction "genotype × environment" on the wide genetic material of chickens of different genotypes, obtained in the course of an experiment on the effectiveness of crossing roosters of imported meat crosses from meat- egg-laying females of domestic selection. According to plasticity, chickens can be divided into groups with high (bi value in the range of 0,85-0,99) and low plasticity (bi value in the range of 1,03-1,06). The first group includes meat-egg hens of both investigated generations of the original family form and "Ross" groups "K-2" and "K-22". To the second – "Kobb" poultry of the first and second generations, groups "K-32" and "K-5". From this it follows that the birds of the first group reacted to a change in the environmental conditions during cultivation to a lesser extent than the birds of the second group. Meat-egg hens of the local subpopulation "K" were characterized by high plasticity during two adjacent generations (bi=0,85-0,97), which indicates greater adaptability of local birds to cage rearing conditions. Among the descendants of the second generation, the birds of the "K-11" and "K-22" groups, obtained by "in-house" breeding, were more plastic in terms of live weight compared to the "K-51" and "K-32" groups, obtained by back crossing. Chickens of the synthetic population "K-5" were characterized by low plasticity in terms of live weight (bi=1,06), which indicates their high response to changes in environmental conditions and the influence of active factors that occurred during rearing. Meat and eggs hens F10 of the original maternal form were more stable in terms of live weight compared to F1 offspring. The least stable in terms of live weight were the "Kobb" F1 chickens of the "K-1" group. Among the offspring of the second generation, higher values of stability are characteristic of chickens of groups "K-22" and "K-51" (S2 i=3462,49-3556,33) compared to groups "K-11" and "K-32" (S2 i=4183,51-4620,95). That is, the latter turned out to be less stable in terms of live weight under the same growing conditions. Meat and egg chickens of the synthetic population "K-5" were characterized by low stability in terms of live weight (S2 i=22148,04). Among the birds with high plasticity and low stability, as a desirable combination of these parameters, it is possible to single out the "K-51" and "K-32" groups obtained by backcrossing and the "Kobb" F2 of the "K-11" group, which have relatively high plasticity indicators (bi=1,03-1,06) are combined with low stability (S2 i=3556,33-4620,95).

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AVIARY FOR THE BREEDING OF HUNTING ANIMALS

L. M. Khmelnychyi — 2024-10-08

The review article presents analytical material regarding the rational management of hunting in the system of social values of the countries of the world and Ukraine. Scientific publications of foreign and domestic researchers who studied the historical aspects of hunting, the current state of development of the industry and the prospects of deer breeding in the world, Ukraine and LLC AF "Kozatska" became the materials for analytical generalization of the problem of breeding hunting animals of the deer family. In many countries of the world, enclosure hunting is actively developing for the purpose of obtaining meat and antler products. Meat of wild animals is in demand among the population. Yes, 70000 deer are harvested annually in Spain, with a total population of over 650000 deer. 30-40 million euros of income is received from the sale of venison. Deer meat, compared to meat from farmed animals, has more health benefits and is considered more natural and "organic". In addition to biologically active substances necessary for human nutrition, deer meat is a very valuable source of vitamins A, C, E and B, as well as minerals Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and Se. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the most common in nature and a domesticated species of deer around the world and in Ukraine, which is well adapted for cage breeding. One of the oldest reindeer farms, which keeps more than 400 animals, is located in Transcarpathia, ten kilometers from the city of Hust in the village of Lipcha. Here, for 37 years, deer have been living in conditions close to natural – on 57 hectares of land with its own reservoir, a forest strip and a field sown with grass. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the most common in nature and domesticated species of deer in the world and in Ukraine, which is well adapted for cell breeding. One of the oldest reindeer farms, which keeps more than 400 animals, is located in Transcarpathia, ten kilometers from the city of Khust in the village of Lipcha. Deer have been living here for 37 years in conditions close to natural – on 57 hectares of land with its own reservoir, a forest strip and a field sown with grass. In the Konotop district of the Sumy region, between the villages of Kozatske and Bochechki, a farm for breeding red deer has been created on the territory of about 50 hectares. Thus, on the territory of Ukraine there are successfully both hunting grounds and aviary farms for red deer breeding with a reliable prospect of expanded reproduction of this species. It is possible to organize a profitable hunting business more effectively under certain conditions, if it is combined with other economic activities of an agricultural enterprise, such as LLC AF "Kozatska" of the Konotop district.

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN GENE GENOTYPE ON THE QUALITY COMPOSITION OF MILK IN PRIMARY-STOCKS OF THE SUMS DOMESTIC BREED TYPE OF THE UKRAINIAN BLACK-SPOTTED DAIRY BREED

T. O. Chernyavska — 2024-10-08

Genotypic features of dairy cattle have a significant impact on indicators of milk productivity of cows. This issue is especially relevant when studying the polymorphism of milk proteins. Recently, scientists have been paying more and more attention to these studies. An example of such genes can be genes for kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin and others. In domestic dairy breeds, polymorphism of milk protein genes has not been studied much, and its influence on quality indicators of milk productivity has hardly been studied. To fulfill the goal, research was conducted at the state breeding plant of the State Enterprise "Experimental farm of the Institute of Agriculture of the Northeast of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine", Sumy district, on the first-borns of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed (n=30). Polymorphism of the beta-lactoglobulin gene was studied in the laboratory of the Animal Husbandry Institute according to generally accepted methods. Milk productivity was assessed by monthly control milkings with milk sampling. A counter – indicator IU-1 was used to take milk samples. The content of milk components was determined in the laboratory of the Institute of Animal Husbandry of the National Academy of Sciences by infrared photometry on the equipment of the corporation "Bentley Instruments" (USA). Among the studied animals, the majority had the heterozygous AB genotype (20 heads). The number of animals with homozygous BB genotype was 6 heads, AA 4 heads. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the first-borns with the AA genotype prevailed in terms of the average amount of milk yield. Animals with AB and BB genotypes were inferior to them by 569 and 207 kg, respectively. In terms of the average amount of fat in milk, animals with the BB homozygous genotype predominated, and AB in the average protein content of milk. According to the average content of lactose in milk, there was no significant difference between the animals of the studied genotypes. One of the main characteristics of milk is the content of dry matter per dry skimmed milk residue. Differentiation was established between animals of the studied genotypes by both signs. By the content of dry matter, genotypes AB and BB prevailed, and by the content of dry skimmed milk residue – BB.