THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS AND RATIOS OF LYSINE AND THREONINE IN COMPOUND FEED ON THE GROWTH OF BROILER CHICKENS
Keywords:
lysine, threonine, feed, broiler chickens, live weight, growth, feed conversion
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the influence of different levels and ratios between lysine and threonine in the feed of broiler chickens on growth indicators and feed consumption. Research was conducted by the group method. Broiler chickens of the «Cobb-500» hybrid were divided into 6 groups, 100 heads each. In the first three groups of birds, against the background of the basic level of lysine, the content of threonine in the feed increased. In the other three groups of chickens, the content of both lysine and threonine in the feed was increased. It was established that an increase in the level of threonine in the feed of broiler chickens to 0.83% against the background of the basic level of lysine – 1.24% in the first age period – 1–10 days led to an increase in the weight of birds by 0.6–0.7% (p ˂0.01). An increase in the threonine level to 0.78% with a lysine content of 1.14% at the age of 11–22 days led to an increase in the weight of experimental birds by 0.6–1.8% (р˂0.05). With an increase in the content of threonine in compound feed to 0.76%, against the background of 1.09% lysine in the third age period – 23–42 days, the weight of the bird increased by 0.7–0.8% (р˂0.05). Absolute and average daily weight gain rates increased by 0.7–0.8% (р˂0.05) and relative growth by 46–49% over the entire period of the experiment. Feed conversion decreased by 0.4–0.5 . Increasing the level of threonine against the background of the basal level of lysine, as well as increasing the level of lysine against the background of the background of threonine, probably did not affect the growth performance of broiler chickens, but the live weight increased by 0.1–0.2%. Feed conversion decreased only at the maximum level of threonine against the background of the basic level of lysine – by 0.4%. At lower levels of threonine and at increased levels of lysine on the background of the basic level of threonine, feed conversion did not change. The influence of the lysine-threonine ratio on the productivity indicators of broiler chickens has not been established. In broiler chickens that consumed higher levels of the studied amino acids with a lysine-threonine ratio of 0.65–0.67; 0.67–0.68; 0.68–0.70 (in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd age periods, respectively) noted higher weight and growth rates compared to counterparts that feed with a similar lysine-threonine ratio: 0.66–0.69; 0.67–0.71 and 0.69–0.72, but with a lower content of lysine and threonine in compound feed.
References
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4. Baker, D. H. (1994). Ideal amino acid profile for maximal protein accretion and minimal nitrogen excretion in swine and poultry. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, Ithaca, NY. Pages 134–139
5. Barboza WA, Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Rodrigues PB. (2000). Nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for broiler chickens. Rev Bras Zootecn. 29:1098–1102. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000400021
6. Baylan M, Canogulları S, Ayasan T, Sahin A. (2006). Dietary threonine supplementation for improving growth performance and edible carcass parts in Japanese quails. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5:635–638. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.635.638
7. Belloir P.; Lessire M.; Lambert W.; Corrent E.; Berri C.; Tesseraud S. (2019). Changes in body composition and meat quality in response to dietary amino acid provision in finishing broilers. The Animal Consortium, 2018, 13(5), 1094–1102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002306
8. Bodle, B. C., Alvarado C., Shirley R. B., Mercier Y., Lee J. T. (2018). Evaluation of different dietary alterations in their ability to mitigate the incidence and severity of woody breast and white striping in commercial male broilers. Poult. Sci. 97: 3298–3310. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey166
9. Bregendahl K, Sell JL, Zimmerman DR. (2002). Effect of low protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 81:1156–1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.8.1156
10. Çiftçi İ, Ceylan N. (2004). Effects of dietary threonine and crude protein on growth performance, carcass and meat composition of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 45: 280–289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660410001715894
11. Cobb-Vantress. (2018). Cobb 500 broiler performance and nutrition supplement. L-2114-08 EN: August 2018. Cobb-Vantress. Retrieved September 16, 2022 from. https://www.cobb-vantress.com/assets/5a88f2e793/Broiler-Performance-Nutrition-Supplement.pdf
12. Corzo A, Kidd MT, Dozier WA, Pharr GT, Koutsos EA. (2007). Dietary threonine needs for growth and immunity ofbroilers raised under different litter conditions. J ApplPoult Res. 16:574–582. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2007-00046
13. Dozier W, Corzo A, Kidd M, Branton S. (2007). Dietary apparent metabolizable energy and amino acid density effects on growth and carcass traits of heavy broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 16:192-205. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.2.192
14. Dozier WA, Kidd MT, Corzo A. (2008). Dietary amino acid responses of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17(1), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2007-00071
15. Eits R, Kwakkel R, Verstegen M, Emmans G. (2003). Responses of broiler chickens to dietary protein:effects of early life protein nutrition on later responses. British Poultry Science. 44:398-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007166031000035544
16. Fuller MF, Milne A, Harris CI, Reid TM, Keenan R. (1994). Amino acid losses in ileostomy fluid on a protein-free diet.Am J Clin Nutr. 59:70–73.
17. Hickling E., Guenter W., Jackson M. E. (1990). The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield. Anim. Sci. 70:673–678. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-079
18. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia. (2014 a). Peretravnist pozhyvnykh rechovyn u kurchat-broileriv za riznykh rivniv lizynu u kombikormi [Digestibility of nutrients in broiler chickens at different levels of lysine in compound feed]. Sumy : Bulletin of the Sumy National Agrarian University. Vol. 2/1(24). р. 145–148 (in Ukrainian). from http://visnyk.snau.edu.ua/sample/files/snau_2014_2_1_24_tvar/JRN/36.pdf
19. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia. (2014 b). Efektyvnist vykorystannia kormiv kurchatamy-broileramy za riznykh rivniv treoninu u kombikormakh [Efficiency of feed utilization by broiler chickens at different levels of threonine in compound feed]. Kyiv : Biological resources and nature management. Vol. 5-6. р. 83–88 (in Ukrainian). from http://journals.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/Bio/article/viewFile/6411/6304
20. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia. (2013 a). Produktyvnist kurchat broileriv za riznykh rivniv lizynu u kombikormiv [Productivity of broiler chickens at different levels of lysine in compound feed]. Kyiv: Animal husbandry of Ukraine. Vol. 11. p. 31–35 (in Ukrainian). from http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DB N=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=TvUkr_2013_11_10
21. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia., Holota M.A. (2013 b). Treonin: efektyvnyi riven v ratsioni kurchat-broileriv [Threonine: an effective level in the diet of broiler chickens]. Kyiv : Animal husbandry of Ukraine. Vol. 12. p. 33–37 (in Ukrainian). from http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DBN=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=TvUkr_2013_12_11
22. Ibatullin, I.; et al. (2022). Influence of Feeding Wormwood (Artemisia Capillaris) on Quail Meat Productivity. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 70(4-5), 307–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun.2022.023
23. Kidd M.T., Kerr B.J., Anthony N.B. (1997). Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers. Poultry Science. Volume 76,.Issue 4, 1. Pages 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.4.608
24. Kidd, M. T., Kerr B. J., Firman J. D., Boling S. D. (1996). Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed low protein-threonine supplemented diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 5:180–190 https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/5.2.180
25. Li J, Zhao XL, Yuan YC, Gilbert ER, Wang Y, Liu YP, et al. (2013). Dietary lysine affects chickens from local Chinese pure lines and their reciprocal crosses. Poultry Science. 92:1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02865
26. Liao SF, Wang T, Regmi N. (2015). Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals:muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. Springer Plus, 4:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0927-5
27. Macari. M.; Furlan, R.L.; Gonzales, E. (2002). Fisiologia aviária aplicada a frangos de corte. Jaboticabal: FUNEP/UNESP. 375 p.
28. Mack S, Bercovici D, De groote G, Leclercq B, Lippens M,Pack M, Schutte JB, Van Cauwenberghe S. (1999). Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification forbroiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age. Br Poult Sci. 40:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669987683
29. Nahm KH. (2002). Efficient feed nutrient utilization to reduce pollutants in poultry and swine manure. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 32, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380290813435
30. National Research Council. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. National Academies Press; Washington DC, 176. https://doi.org/10.17226/2114
31. Parsons, C.M.; Koelkbeck, K.W.; Leeper, R.W. et al. (1992). Effect of duration of fasting on post molt laying hen performance. Poultry Science, v.71, p. 434–439. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710434
32. Parsons, M.C.; Baker, D.H. (1994). The concept and use of ideal proteins in feeding of nonruminants, In: Simpósio internacional de produção de não-ruminantes, 31., 1994, Maringá. Anais. Maringá: SBZ. p.119.
33. Quentin M, Bouvarel I, Berri C, Le Bihan-Duval E, Baeza E, Jego Y, et al. (2003). Growth, carcass composition and meat quality response to dietary concentrations in fast-, medium-and slow-growing commercial broilers. Animal Research. 52:65–77. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2003005
34. Samadi F, Liebert F. (2007). Threonine requirement of slow growing male chickens depending on age and dietary efficiency of threonine utilization. Poult Sci. 86:1140–1148. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1140
35. Si J, Fritts C, Waldroup P, Burnham D. (2004). Effects of tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratios and overall amino acid levels on utilization of diets low in crude protein by broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 13:570–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/13.4.570
36. Smith, N.K., Waldroup P.W. (1988). Investigations of threonine requirements of broiler chicks fed diets based on grain sorghum and soybean meal. Poultry Sci. 67:108–112. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0670108
37. Stoll B, Henry J, Reeds PJ, Yu H, Jahoor F, Burrin DG. (1998). Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets. J Nutr. 128:606–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.3.606
38. Sychov М., Ilchuk I, Umanets D., Balanchuk I., Ibatullin I., Umanets R., Holubieva T., Otchenashko V., Kondratiuk V., Tytariova O., Kuzmenko O., Orishchuk O. (2022). Slaughter parameters of broiler chickens at different levels and ratios of arginine and lysine in the compound feed. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 25 No. 4. p. 285–293. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2022.25.04.285–293
39. Wu G. (2014). Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 5(34), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-34
2. Aviagen. (2019). Ross Nutrition Specifications. All Plant Protein-Based Feeds. Aviagen. Retrieved September 16, 2022 from https://eu.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/RossPlantProteinBasedBroilerNutritionSpecs2019-EN.pdf
3. Aysan T, Okan F. (2014). The effect of choice feeding based on threonine on performance and carcass parameters of male broiler chicks. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science And Technology: 2:190–196. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v2i4.190–196.117
4. Baker, D. H. (1994). Ideal amino acid profile for maximal protein accretion and minimal nitrogen excretion in swine and poultry. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference, Ithaca, NY. Pages 134–139
5. Barboza WA, Rostagno HS, Albino LFT, Rodrigues PB. (2000). Nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for broiler chickens. Rev Bras Zootecn. 29:1098–1102. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982000000400021
6. Baylan M, Canogulları S, Ayasan T, Sahin A. (2006). Dietary threonine supplementation for improving growth performance and edible carcass parts in Japanese quails. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5:635–638. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.635.638
7. Belloir P.; Lessire M.; Lambert W.; Corrent E.; Berri C.; Tesseraud S. (2019). Changes in body composition and meat quality in response to dietary amino acid provision in finishing broilers. The Animal Consortium, 2018, 13(5), 1094–1102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002306
8. Bodle, B. C., Alvarado C., Shirley R. B., Mercier Y., Lee J. T. (2018). Evaluation of different dietary alterations in their ability to mitigate the incidence and severity of woody breast and white striping in commercial male broilers. Poult. Sci. 97: 3298–3310. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey166
9. Bregendahl K, Sell JL, Zimmerman DR. (2002). Effect of low protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 81:1156–1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.8.1156
10. Çiftçi İ, Ceylan N. (2004). Effects of dietary threonine and crude protein on growth performance, carcass and meat composition of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 45: 280–289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660410001715894
11. Cobb-Vantress. (2018). Cobb 500 broiler performance and nutrition supplement. L-2114-08 EN: August 2018. Cobb-Vantress. Retrieved September 16, 2022 from. https://www.cobb-vantress.com/assets/5a88f2e793/Broiler-Performance-Nutrition-Supplement.pdf
12. Corzo A, Kidd MT, Dozier WA, Pharr GT, Koutsos EA. (2007). Dietary threonine needs for growth and immunity ofbroilers raised under different litter conditions. J ApplPoult Res. 16:574–582. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2007-00046
13. Dozier W, Corzo A, Kidd M, Branton S. (2007). Dietary apparent metabolizable energy and amino acid density effects on growth and carcass traits of heavy broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 16:192-205. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.2.192
14. Dozier WA, Kidd MT, Corzo A. (2008). Dietary amino acid responses of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17(1), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2007-00071
15. Eits R, Kwakkel R, Verstegen M, Emmans G. (2003). Responses of broiler chickens to dietary protein:effects of early life protein nutrition on later responses. British Poultry Science. 44:398-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007166031000035544
16. Fuller MF, Milne A, Harris CI, Reid TM, Keenan R. (1994). Amino acid losses in ileostomy fluid on a protein-free diet.Am J Clin Nutr. 59:70–73.
17. Hickling E., Guenter W., Jackson M. E. (1990). The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield. Anim. Sci. 70:673–678. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-079
18. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia. (2014 a). Peretravnist pozhyvnykh rechovyn u kurchat-broileriv za riznykh rivniv lizynu u kombikormi [Digestibility of nutrients in broiler chickens at different levels of lysine in compound feed]. Sumy : Bulletin of the Sumy National Agrarian University. Vol. 2/1(24). р. 145–148 (in Ukrainian). from http://visnyk.snau.edu.ua/sample/files/snau_2014_2_1_24_tvar/JRN/36.pdf
19. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia. (2014 b). Efektyvnist vykorystannia kormiv kurchatamy-broileramy za riznykh rivniv treoninu u kombikormakh [Efficiency of feed utilization by broiler chickens at different levels of threonine in compound feed]. Kyiv : Biological resources and nature management. Vol. 5-6. р. 83–88 (in Ukrainian). from http://journals.nubip.edu.ua/index.php/Bio/article/viewFile/6411/6304
20. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia. (2013 a). Produktyvnist kurchat broileriv za riznykh rivniv lizynu u kombikormiv [Productivity of broiler chickens at different levels of lysine in compound feed]. Kyiv: Animal husbandry of Ukraine. Vol. 11. p. 31–35 (in Ukrainian). from http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DB N=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=TvUkr_2013_11_10
21. Ibatullin I.I., Ilchuk I.I., Kryvenok M.Ia., Holota M.A. (2013 b). Treonin: efektyvnyi riven v ratsioni kurchat-broileriv [Threonine: an effective level in the diet of broiler chickens]. Kyiv : Animal husbandry of Ukraine. Vol. 12. p. 33–37 (in Ukrainian). from http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DBN=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=TvUkr_2013_12_11
22. Ibatullin, I.; et al. (2022). Influence of Feeding Wormwood (Artemisia Capillaris) on Quail Meat Productivity. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 70(4-5), 307–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun.2022.023
23. Kidd M.T., Kerr B.J., Anthony N.B. (1997). Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers. Poultry Science. Volume 76,.Issue 4, 1. Pages 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.4.608
24. Kidd, M. T., Kerr B. J., Firman J. D., Boling S. D. (1996). Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed low protein-threonine supplemented diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 5:180–190 https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/5.2.180
25. Li J, Zhao XL, Yuan YC, Gilbert ER, Wang Y, Liu YP, et al. (2013). Dietary lysine affects chickens from local Chinese pure lines and their reciprocal crosses. Poultry Science. 92:1683–1689. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02865
26. Liao SF, Wang T, Regmi N. (2015). Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals:muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. Springer Plus, 4:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0927-5
27. Macari. M.; Furlan, R.L.; Gonzales, E. (2002). Fisiologia aviária aplicada a frangos de corte. Jaboticabal: FUNEP/UNESP. 375 p.
28. Mack S, Bercovici D, De groote G, Leclercq B, Lippens M,Pack M, Schutte JB, Van Cauwenberghe S. (1999). Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification forbroiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age. Br Poult Sci. 40:257–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669987683
29. Nahm KH. (2002). Efficient feed nutrient utilization to reduce pollutants in poultry and swine manure. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 32, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380290813435
30. National Research Council. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. National Academies Press; Washington DC, 176. https://doi.org/10.17226/2114
31. Parsons, C.M.; Koelkbeck, K.W.; Leeper, R.W. et al. (1992). Effect of duration of fasting on post molt laying hen performance. Poultry Science, v.71, p. 434–439. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710434
32. Parsons, M.C.; Baker, D.H. (1994). The concept and use of ideal proteins in feeding of nonruminants, In: Simpósio internacional de produção de não-ruminantes, 31., 1994, Maringá. Anais. Maringá: SBZ. p.119.
33. Quentin M, Bouvarel I, Berri C, Le Bihan-Duval E, Baeza E, Jego Y, et al. (2003). Growth, carcass composition and meat quality response to dietary concentrations in fast-, medium-and slow-growing commercial broilers. Animal Research. 52:65–77. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2003005
34. Samadi F, Liebert F. (2007). Threonine requirement of slow growing male chickens depending on age and dietary efficiency of threonine utilization. Poult Sci. 86:1140–1148. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1140
35. Si J, Fritts C, Waldroup P, Burnham D. (2004). Effects of tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratios and overall amino acid levels on utilization of diets low in crude protein by broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 13:570–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/13.4.570
36. Smith, N.K., Waldroup P.W. (1988). Investigations of threonine requirements of broiler chicks fed diets based on grain sorghum and soybean meal. Poultry Sci. 67:108–112. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0670108
37. Stoll B, Henry J, Reeds PJ, Yu H, Jahoor F, Burrin DG. (1998). Catabolism dominates the first-pass intestinal metabolism of dietary essential amino acids in milk protein-fed piglets. J Nutr. 128:606–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.3.606
38. Sychov М., Ilchuk I, Umanets D., Balanchuk I., Ibatullin I., Umanets R., Holubieva T., Otchenashko V., Kondratiuk V., Tytariova O., Kuzmenko O., Orishchuk O. (2022). Slaughter parameters of broiler chickens at different levels and ratios of arginine and lysine in the compound feed. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 25 No. 4. p. 285–293. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2022.25.04.285–293
39. Wu G. (2014). Dietary requirements of synthesizable amino acids by animals: a paradigm shift in protein nutrition. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 5(34), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-34
Published
2023-04-20
How to Cite
Ilchuk, I. I., Sychov, M. Y., Kondratiuk, V. M., Otchenashko, V. V., Umanets, D. P., Balanchuk, I. M., Boyarchuk, S., & Holubieva, T. A. (2023). THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS AND RATIOS OF LYSINE AND THREONINE IN COMPOUND FEED ON THE GROWTH OF BROILER CHICKENS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Livestock, (1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.lvst.2023.1.4
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