MODERN SOIL DENSITY MEASURES: A REVIEW AND STUDY OF USING ULTRASOUND FOR OPERATIVE DEFINITION OF A COMPACTED AREA OF A CULTIVATED FIELD
Abstract
The changes taking place in the agro-industrial complex require the development and creation of new implements and machines and the improvement of existing ones. This, in turn, is possible only when considering the cultivation of the soil as an addition to the natural processes of formation of the soil itself, taking into account the biological, physical and mechanical properties, as well as reducing energy costs for its processing, as agro technical activities of the basic cultivation of the soil from an economic point of view is the most energy-consuming among the whole complex of technological operations of growing and harvesting crops. Therefore, the problem of creating energy-saving technologies and technical means of tillage that contribute to this preservation is nothing but a problem of ecological and energy importance, which cannot be solved simply by reducing the depth of tillage. Thus, to solve these issues, it is necessary to apply more advanced methods of cultivation, in particular loosening the soil. It is important to provide technical support for this technological operation in modern crop production in order to incur the lowest energy costs and increase crop yields. The article analyzes the existing modern devices for measuring soil density in the mode of continuous registration: penetrometers, penetrometers, digital hardness meters, GPS penetrometers, and also considers the issue of using ultrasound to detect compacted areas of the cultivated field. Acoustic behavior of dense soil and its basic acoustic constants are considered: acoustic stiffness and acoustic impedance. The main results of the conducted research on the basis of the developed model of the operational system to determine the depth of a compacted layer of soil using the radio physical method of studying the mechanical and physical properties of the soil, which are based on ultrasound radiation, the method of continuous radio-wave profiling in motion, that is, the tractor unit at the moment of the field, the method of synthesis of technical means, the theory of automatic control with application of the ultrasound device to determine the depth of the dense soil layer. The analysis of the obtained results using a sensor with one and two channels of the receiving and transmitting path is carried out. The optimal height of the sensor installation above the ground surface is investigated.
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