Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Mechanization and Automation of Production Processes

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MORINGA POWDER-BASED QUICK-MADE DRINKS

N. V. Bolhova, V. V. Karachоv — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Moringa oleifera, known as moringa, is an available potential source of vital nutrients and demonstrates various health benefits. However, the processed products of this plant are used in our country only as a food supplement. There are no food products containing moringa powder on the Ukrainian market. Skimmed milk powder is usually the most common component for providing milk proteins to produce recombinant dairy products. Therefore, combining moringa powder with milk powder is interesting for developing new food products. The study aims to assess the nutritional quality of instant drinks based on milk powder and moringa powder—materials and research methods. The research used moringa powder from the company "Holistic Solutions s.r.o" (Czech Republic), skimmed milk powder from LLC "PRODENERGO" (Ukraine), natural sweet stevia extract from PrJSC "CHUMAK" (Ukraine) and vanillin from PrJSC "Ukroptbakaliya" (Ukraine). Three experimental samples were made. The organoleptic evaluation descriptors were formed independently, considering the indicators characteristic of food concentrates and instant drinks on a five-point scale. Based on moringa powder and skimmed milk powder, experimental samples of instant drinks with 3, 5, and 7% of this additive were made. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the rational amount of the additive, which provides acceptable consumer properties, is 5%. At the same time, the drink has a good taste, aroma, and appearance. An increase in the additive's proportion negatively affects this product's organoleptic indicators, primarily the consistency. Analysis of physicochemical indicators showed that a drink containing 5% moringa powder contains 30.7% proteins, 1.7% fats, and 50.8% carbohydrates. The energy value of this product is 341.3 kcal, and the nutritional value – is 1428.0 kJ. Consumption of 200 g of an instant drink based on powdered milk and moringa powder provides the body with 17.6% of the daily requirement for dietary fiber. The study results showed that moringa powder can be a good raw material for the production of functional food products, particularly instant drinks.

ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTIONS AND CREATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF JET-REACTIVE EXPANSION MACHINES

S.M. Vaneev, D.V. Miroshnichenko, O.I. Miroshnichenko, T.S. Baha, O.S. Meleychuk — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The energy sector of Ukraine is a fundamental sector for the development of the state's economy and its preservation of sovereignty. A significant problem today is the rational use of the Earth's energy resources. Ukraine is trying to solve this issue, which is the subject of the implemented program "Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness (Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035)". The subject of study in the article is jet-reactive expansion machines. Purpose: to consider the principle of operation and design features of existing jet-reactive centrifugal expansion machines. Objectives: based on the analysis of existing jet-reactive centrifugal expansion machines, to identify design features and parameters that affect the operation of these machines. The energy industry is experiencing serious upheaval. In Germany, for example, large nuclear and coal-fired power plants on a gigawatt scale are scheduled to close in the coming years. Multi-stage axial flow turbines have dominated the last hundred years in power plants of several hundred MW class, and this architecture is certainly not a suitable solution for utilising overpressure steam or gas energy, which can be used to produce power of 1 MW or even below 100 kW. The steam turbines that have been used until now are no longer suitable for these applications. Electricity must be generated in many small installations in a decentralised, renewable and environmentally friendly manner. For this reason, the authors investigate well-known turbine designs that have hardly been used due to their low efficiency and future electric drives. However, these unusual turbine designs may be suitable for small and micro-scale distributed power plants and mini-CHPs using both classical thermodynamic cycles and cycles for utilising solar, geothermal, biomass heat, combustion products or potential pressure energy lost during reduction, because in these conditions classical turbines (axial and centripetal) also have low efficiency at a more complex design and cost. The expediency of using jet-jet centrifugal expansion machines with a seal in the axial gap is substantiated. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is as follows: a classification of jet-jet centrifugal expansion machines has been created.

MARINADES FOR MEAT SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS BASED ON NATURAL INGREDIENTS

S.O. Huba, V.I. Tyshchenko, N.V. Bozhko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This review aims to analyze the scientific literature on natural ingredients used in marinades and assess the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of marinades on certain mechanisms that cause changes in meat during the marinating process. Meat is an important source of complete proteins, vitamins, and essential trace elements. However, it is a perishable product that can be easily affected by microorganisms and enzymes. One effective way to extend the shelf life of meat and maintain its quality and safety is by marinating it. The composition of the marinade is just as important as the technological techniques and processes used in preparation. By opting for natural product derivatives instead of synthetic ingredients in marinades, it becomes possible to enhance both the quality and safety of the product. Additionally, this approach can provide consumers with extra benefits. Using literature from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as Ukrainian professional scientific journals, this evaluation focuses on studies conducted between 2018 and 2025. The research analyzed how different types of marinades, varying in ingredient composition and concentration, along with marinating techniques (temperature and duration), affect the quality and safety indicators of food products. The vast majority of publications confirm the positive effects of plant-based ingredients and their derivatives for semi-finished meat products. It is particularly important to focus on natural sources of antioxidants, organic acids, and phenolic compounds, as these substances help combat spoilage microorganisms and prevent fat oxidation. The analysis reveals that natural marinades enhance the sensory qualities and culinary properties of meat while also extending its shelf life. These marinades contribute to the safety of meat products by limiting fat oxidation and reducing the growth of microorganisms.

COMPUTER MODELLING OF MULTI-PULSE LASER IMPACT ENSURING THE PRESERVATION OF THE ORIGINAL MICROSTRUCTURE

S. S. Dobrotvorskyi, B. O. Aleksenko, Ye. V. Basova — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This paper analyses the capabilities of multi-pulse femtosecond laser processing of structured surfaces while preserving their microstructure. The effect of laser irradiation on a pre-formed micro-relief of AISI 321 stainless steel containing LIPSS (Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structure) is examined. It is shown that uncontrolled deformations of the microrelief can be caused by intense material destruction, re-deposition of particles, or uncontrolled melting. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the temperature below the melting point to prevent damage to the microstructure beyond the target. Key parameters of laser radiation influencing the dynamics of surface changes are identified. A computer simulation method based on a two-temperature heat model is proposed to predict temperature distribution and ablation mechanisms. The specifics of thermal impact on the material during multi-pulse laser processing are analyzed, including the calculation of electron energy states and their influence on the material's atomic lattice. It is demonstrated that the developed model enables the determination of threshold values for pulse energy, at which the required accuracy in forming indentations without unwanted defects is achieved. It is confirmed that using a femtosecond laser with a high pulse repetition rate ensures an even distribution of thermal energy, minimizing the risk of overheating and microstructure damage. Attention is drawn to the possibility of controlling processing parameters through pulse frequency, power, and duration variations, which allows for high-precision microstructuring. The simulation allows for optimizing laser impact parameters, reducing energy consumption, and improving process efficiency. It is shown that defining critical threshold levels of laser pulse power helps prevent microstructure destruction and ensures stable formation of the desired micro-relief. The results can be applied to enhance laser processing techniques for various materials, including metals with low thermal conductivity. Future research prospects are associated with expanding the capabilities of computer modeling to predict the impact of laser radiation on a wide range of materials. The proposed approach supports higher accuracy and controllability in laser microstructuring processes, which is important for industrial applications in the aerospace and mechanical engineering sectors.

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PACKAGING MATERIAL ON BEER QUALITY INDICATORS

Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents the results of a study on the influence of packaging materials (glass, plastic, metal) on the physicochemical quality indicators of pale beer produced by three manufacturers: PJSC "Obolon" ("Okhtyrske Svitle"), PJSC "Carlsberg Ukraine" ("Lvivske 1715"), and LLC "Persha Pryvatna Brovarnia" ("Zakarpatske Oryhinalne"). The study aimed to determine the optimal packaging material for beer storage that ensures the best characteristics of the beverage throughout its shelf life. Analytical methods were used to assess changes in the key quality indicators of beer. Transparency and color parameters were evaluated using a photocolorimetric method, total acidity was determined by the titrimetric method, and density was measured by the hydrometric method. The redox potential of beer was assessed using the I–160MI ion meter. The research was conducted under standardized conditions, which allowed for an objective evaluation of the impact of packaging material on beer quality during storage. The analysis of the obtained data indicates that glass containers are the optimal choice for beer storage. They ensure the stability of the main physicochemical indicators, including foam formation, redox balance, and the preservation of the beverage’s antioxidant properties. Glass packaging also prevents interactions between the container material and beer components, which is crucial for maintaining the organoleptic properties of the drink. Based on the research findings, metal packaging can be considered a viable alternative to glass, offering certain advantages. It effectively protects beer from photochemical changes and helps retain carbon dioxide better, which positively influences foam formation. However, the elevated pH values and titrated acidity of "Zakarpatske Oryhinalne" beer in a metal can may indicate potential interactions between the beverage components and the packaging surface. This could affect the chemical composition of the drink and requires further investigation. PET bottles were found to be the least suitable for beer storage. They allow oxygen and light penetration, which accelerates oxidation processes, alters the color of the beverage, and degrades its organoleptic properties and overall quality. Additionally, PET packaging leads to a faster loss of carbon dioxide, negatively impacting foam stability. The obtained results confirm the need to strengthen requirements for the storage duration and sales conditions of beer in PET packaging. This will help minimize losses in taste and beneficial properties of the beverage and preserve its quality throughout the entire shelf life.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF WORK OF THE EQUIPMENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTROLLING THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE OUTPUT PRODUCT

V. P. Kulai — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article evaluates the influence of technological factors on the final properties of solutions and studies the main parameters of construction mortar: consistency, strength, uniformity of mixing, which allows to increase the efficiency of production processes. The research is aimed at increasing the load capacity of finished products, ensuring the durability of products made on the basis of construction solutions. In modern construction production, such a material as aerated concrete is widely used, products from which are used for the construction of residential and industrial buildings up to four stories high. Testing the strength of aerated concrete is performed by key methods depending on the required characteristics (compressive strength, bending strength, etc.) The materials of the research are standard construction mortars produced on the equipment developed during the preparation of the dissertation. The technological processes of manufacturing mortars, loading speed, and humidity have a significant influence on the value of the strength limit of concrete. Strength is affected by the compaction factor of the concrete mixture, the production technology, and the quality of the components used. When designing a future building, many factors are taken into account, but the strength of concrete will always be the main characteristic, thereby determining the maximum load that this building material is capable of. As the substances that make up water and cement interact, the strength of concrete can increase. Each concrete has its own strength coefficients. It was established that the efficiency of the equipment significantly affects the stability and compliance of construction mortars with regulatory requirements. The relationship between the technological parameters of mixing plants and the quality of the finished product was studied. The role of automated systems in improving the accuracy of dosing of components, which contributes to the reduction of errors in the formulation, is evaluated. Prospective directions for optimizing the production process to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve quality control are outlined. Recommendations for the introduction of modern technologies to increase the energy efficiency of equipment and minimize the influence of the human factor on the final result are offered. The obtained results can be useful for enterprises in the construction industry striving to increase the competitiveness of products and reduce production losses. The application of quality control methods at each stage of the production process will allow not only to ensure the compliance of construction mortars with the established standards, but also to increase their durability and operational characteristics in real conditions of use. The purpose of the study is to analyze the efficiency of the equipment based on the control of the quality indicators of the original product.

COUNTER-ROTOR PUMPS AND OTHER TYPES OF PUMPS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY

Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Pumping equipment is a crucial element of many industrial and municipal systems, ensuring the transportation of liquids. Its efficiency directly affects the productivity of technological processes, energy consumption levels, and economic costs, making the selection of optimal pumping equipment a critically important task. Pumps can significantly impact overalloperational efficiency, as their operating costs constitute a substantial portion of total energy expenses. That is why it is important to choose equipment that provides high efficiency, low energy consumption, and optimal performance. Different types of pumping equipment have their design features that determine their efficiency in specific operating conditions. One of the most common types of pumps used in industrial processes is the multistage pump of the CNS type. Multistage pumps of the CNS type are used for transferring liquids under high pressure. Console pumps, on the other hand, stand out for their compactness and simple design. Counter-rotor pumps, unlike the previous two types, have a unique design that combines the advantages of both multistage and cantilever pumps. Due to their special structure with two oppositely rotating impellers, they can provide a high head comparable to CNS-type pumps while maintaining the compact dimensions characteristic of cantilever pumps. This allows them to be used insituations where reducing the size of the pumping equipment is necessary without sacrificing efficiency. This study presents a detailed analysis of the efficiency of different types of pumping equipment, specifically multistage CNS-type pumps, cantilever pump, and counter-rotor pump. The analysis is based on energy consumption and material intensity indicators, which enable a comprehensive evaluation of the operational and structural characteristics of the studied pumps. The research allows for an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each type of pumping equipment. The obtained results will help determine the feasibility of using counter-rotor pumps compared to other types of pumps, as well as evaluate their technical and economic aspects.

ADJUSTING OF PREFABRICATED FACE MILLS WITH INCLIMED CUTTING INSERTS

Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article deals with the problems of increasing the efficiency of adjustment prefabricated face mills containing inclined cylindrical cutting inserts. Rotation around its own axis is the main cutting motion during the operation of the face mill. When the mill rotates, centrifugal forces try to push the cutting inserts out of the mounting holes of the tool body. The influence of the number of revolutions of the mill on the magnitude of the centrifugal force that occurs during rotation is studied. Since the mill is equipped with cutting inserts with superhard material, the possible spindle rotation speeds during the operation of the mill are in the range from 850 to 2200 rpm, or (14 – 37) revolutions per second. As a result, diagrams of the desired dependencies were constructed for the face mill with a diameter of 315 mm, containing 48 cylindrical cutting inserts and having a cylindrical part diameter of D=8 mm, D=10 mm and D=12 mm, as well as a length of L=22 mm, L=35 mm and L=45 mm. The highest value (397 N) of centrifugal forces is reached at 37 revolutions per second for a cutting insert with D=12 mm and L=45 mm. The lowest values (89 N) are for an insert with D=8 mm, L=22 mm. Centrifugal forces can also be used to adjust the amount of protrusion of the cutting elements above the tool body. This can be implemented both for boring bars with a single cutter and for multi–blade metal–cutting tools, for example, single– and multi–stage prefabricated face mills. In this case, to adjust the face mill by centrifugal forces, it is enough to use spindle speeds much lower than the working ones, which is necessary to overcome the friction forces between the cutting inserts and the holes in the cutter body. Therefore, centrifugal forces will also have lower values than those found for the milling process by the tool. A method for adjusting a multi–stage face milling cutter with inclined cutting inserts is proposed, which allows taking into account the features of the functional purpose of different stages of the cutter. Steps on the inner surface of the ring gauge allow adjusting the cutting inserts of each stage to its size, which ensures a stepped distribution of the total machining allowance. Adjusting the cutting inserts of the finishing stage in the axial direction allows reducing the end runout of the cutting edges, which increases the quality of the surface machined with the milling cutter by improving the cleanliness of the machining. Adjusting the cutting inserts of the roughing stages in the radial direction allows reducing the radial runout of the cutting edges, which ensures their uniform wear and increases the durability of the cutting inserts. The proposed method also allows reducing the time for adjusting the face milling cutter containing a large number of cutting inserts.

DEVELOPMENT OF HARDWARE TO REDUCE INJURY AND LOSSES OF SOYBEAN IN THE PROCESSES OF ITS PRIMARY PROCESSING

V. A. Poddubny, N. M. Osokina, K. V. Kostetska, H. V. Tkachenko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents the results of production research on a gravity-cascade device for loading silo-type granaries. Soybean seeds belong to leguminous crops, therefore, during post-harvest processing, special attention is paid to reducing their injury. Hot air causes the seed coat to dry out and the cotyledons to crack, and further processing or transportation only increases the cracking. Designed for certain physical and mechanical properties of the raw material being loaded, therefore the issue of finding a device that will reduce injury to the loading material is currently relevant. The degree of seed injury has been determined using a special device to reduce the speed of movement of the grain mass. Soybean seeds were loaded into the storage immediately after drying from 22–24 % to 12–13 %. Soybean from the granaries were taken by a point sampler from the embankment in the center of the silo and from twelve plots with an area of 1 m2, located at a distance of 3, 6 and 9 m from the center of the silo along two perpendicular diameters. The most injured seeds are those lost in the upper part of the device, therefore the largest mass fraction of additional oil admixture near the walls of the storage is 17.8%. The mass fraction of the content lost through of the device is 6%. Additional oil and garbage impurities formed during the loading of soybean seeds into the storage are only 0.31 %. In most cases, during the unloading of the storage, a rupture occurred at the place of attachment of the conveyor belts to the loading funnel. The costs of restoration are insignificant are fully covered by the savings from reducing soybean seed injury. A major disadvantage of this mechanism is that there is a possibility of blocking the unloading openings of the silo-type storage. Proposed to close most of the side surface with a conveyor belt and cover mechanism, which will reduce the load on the device during emptying the storage and reduce the mass of grain that falls out of the device during its operation. In the design of the device, it is advisable to avoid flat surfaces that could block the unloading openings in the floor of the granary.

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH CHEESE PASTES ENRICHED WITH PEAR POMACE POWDER

I. О. Puryhin, Yu. V. Nazarenko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Cheese products are very popular among consumers and have a wide range of applications as they are used in various food industries. The production technology of cheese products allows the addition of multiple additives of animal and vegetable origin. The most popular are cheese pastes produced using ultrafiltration, a membrane technology. The resulting product has a delicate, creamy texture and a soft, creamy, oily, lactic taste. Using raw vegetable materials is promising for enriching cheese pastes and increasing their nutritional and biological value. In recent years, fruit by-products have attracted growing interest for use in human nutrition as potential sources of dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals. Pear pomace, a by-product of pear processing, is rich in dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds, and antioxidants and has the potential to be used in food products. The study aims to evaluate the effect of pear pomace powder as a functional ingredient on the quality characteristics of cream cheese pastes and the product's nutritional value. This study used pear pomace powder (5, 10, 15, and 20%) to prepare cheese pastes. The quality of the samples was evaluated by measuring the nutritional composition and sensory characteristics. Including pear pomace in the cheese pastes increased the fiber content and decreased the protein and fat content. A positive correlation was found between an increase in the proportion of pear pomace and an increase in the total content of polyphenolic compounds. The sensory evaluation showed that the cheese pastes enriched with pear pomace were well accepted. The sensory evaluation showed that adding 10% pear pomace could increase the dietary fiber content and total polyphenolic compounds while obtaining a product with high overall acceptability and sensory quality. The results show the potential of using processed derivatives, especially fruit pomace, in dairy products.

GROUP TECHNOLOGY OF FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED PRODUCTION

Ye. S. Pukhovsky, O. A. Hromovyi, A. A. Humenyuk, O. V. Pidtychenko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In domestic mechanical engineering, significant experience has been accumulated in the development of flexible technology based on classification groups of parts, complex parts and group technological processes. This greatly simplifies the work on the analysis of the product nomenclature, the unification of components and parts within a separate enterprise, industry or machine-building complex as a whole. For the group method of production, the technological classification is characteristic and basic (in contrast to the design classification, which is characteristic of typical processing methods). Group technology is most effective in manufacturing products in small batches and batches (Manu G., Kumar V., Nagesh H., Jagadeesh D. (2018)). In flexible production, the possibility of organizational and technical grouping is provided by the use of CNC machines that do not require a large number of specially designed technological equipment. In addition, the management system of the flexible manufacturing system (FMS) allows grouping to be carried out promptly, taking into account the current state and security of the order portfolio, as well as emerging requirements and restrictions of a production nature. With this approach, the organizational and technological grouping allows you to carry out both long-term (within a month or quarter) and shortterm (within one shift) operational and production planning of the flexible manufacturing system (Groupe technology in the flexible manufacturing systems (2019)). Technological preparation of single and small-scale production using equipment with numerical control (CNC) is extremely complex, and its organization at a high level is impossible without the use of electronic computers (computers). A particularly important stage in the automation of technological preparation of production is the grouping of data: assembling groups of parts and details of operations, building group technological routes, operational and typical technological processes. This requires the development of methods for grouping technological, design, organizational and other parameters of flexible production. When using CNC machines and multipurpose machines, the concentration of technological capabilities greatly simplifies technological routes, so the issues of route unification in the development of technology and the issue of minimizing route downtime during operational planning, which are so important for traditional industries, lose their acuteness in hot water supply. In production conditions, short-term grouping of parts is especially important, which is aimed at taking into account the specific production conditions that have developed in the hot water supply system at the beginning of the shift. The situation may change due to the exclusion or addition of some orders, the need to correct defects, changes in the procedure for submitting sets of parts and assemblies for assembly, the condition and workload of equipment, the provision of workpieces, the availability of technological equipment and cutting tools. The process of grouping parts is very laborious and depends on the experience of the technologist, therefore, the method of automatic grouping of parts according to the classifications of their elementary surfaces should be recognized as very relevant. This method allows combinations of elementary technological processes to obtain a common technological process for processing any part of this group (Pukhovsky E.S. (2021)). Automation of the process of grouping parts, followed by the design of group technology, requires the formalization of the basic concepts of technology. Progressive are the ways of formalization on the basis of creating complexes of form elements and modular technology (Pukhovsky E.S., Malafeev U.M. (2017)). When forming groups, it is desirable to achieve the invariability of equipment for basing parts and cutting tools, but this requirement is advisable only at the preliminary stages of grouping at the stage of technological preparation of production. The task of grouping parts according to the tool used is to divide a given set of homogeneous operations into a minimum number of groups in such a way that all operations of one group are performed within the framework of one instrumental adjustment. Before grouping, successive homogeneous operations on one part are combined into one operation, for which a cumulative set of tools is used. With short-term planning of hot water supply work, sequential operations of one part are again considered separately, which ensures execution on one machine within the same group, but necessarily in a row. For some parts, combining operations is impossible due to the lack of positions in the tool magazine of the machine or the placement of different tools in one position. In such cases, one or more of the first joint operations are left for them, and when scheduling, these details are attached to the end of the group (Frank F. Chen, Everet E. Adam Jr. (2018)). The paper considers methods of grouping technological objects and solutions that allow solving the problems of single and small-scale production when using group technology on the basis of flexible automated production systems built on modern CNC equipment. Purpose of the work. Research and design of means of grouping parts and creation of group technological processes in flexible manufacturing systems.

INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF DIESEL ENGINE FUEL ECONOMY BY CYLINDER DEACTIVATION AND INJECTION OPTIMIZATION

O. Yu. Pushkarenko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article presents the results of a study aimed at improving the energy efficiency of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operating under varying load and rotational speed conditions. The issue of reduced diesel fuel efficiency during idle and partial load conditions was examined, and cylinder deactivation was analyzed as a method to address this problem. The research methodology involved assessing the engine's fuel economy across different load levels and speed regimes, specifically through selective cylinder deactivation at low loads. This review focuses on contemporary methods of intelligent control of diesel engine fuel economy at partial loads. The feasibility of cylinder deactivation (CDA) for reducing fuel consumption during idle and low-load conditions, as well as optimizing fuel injection parameters (fuel pressure and injection timing) to enhance combustion efficiency, has been substantiated. Research results are presented, confirming a reduction in specific fuel consumption by up to 40% at lowload conditions through CDA implementation, along with an additional fuel consumption reduction of 3–6% achieved by optimizing injection timing. Trends in the development of intelligent engine management systems are analyzed, highlighting the use of electronic controllers and artificial intelligence algorithms for adaptive real-time cylinder deactivation and fuel injection control. The scientific novelty of the review lies in summarizing current directions for improving diesel fuel economy by combining traditional methods (CDA, injection adjustments) with intelligent control systems, minimizing losses and ensuring high efficiency across a broader range of engine operating conditions. The research findings validate the effectiveness of selective cylinder deactivation in enhancing diesel engine energy efficiency under variable operating modes and outline the requirements for fuel delivery control systems necessary to maintain stable operation during transitions between active and deactivated cylinders.

TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF MAINTENANCE OF COMBINE HARVESTERS IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES OF SMALL FORMS OF ECONOMY

S. L. Semirnenko, Yu. I. Semirnenko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The paper considers the possibilities of partial reduction of non-productive losses of time for changing harvesting and transporting complexes during the harvesting of grain crops in small agricultural enterprises due to the effective organisation of work, namely, ensuring a reduction in the downtime of combines through the effective selection and use of transport vehicles. The last operation in the production of grain crops is harvesting. During this operation, the most important tasks are to reduce grain losses and ensure maximum product quality. Achieving these goals is accompanied by certain difficulties in organisational arrangements, selection of technological schemes, grain harvesting and transport facilities in terms of their capacity and carrying capacity, respectively. One of the ways to reduce crop losses and increase the gross harvest of grain crops is to use grain harvesting complexes efficiently and effectively. The short harvesting period and large volumes of grain require a high level of organisation of harvesting and transporting complexes, their calculation and selection in accordance with the capabilities of enterprises. This paper analyses the methods of technological maintenance of combines When organising grain harvesting, there is a problem of downtime for both combine harvesters and road transport. The main reason for the downtime is a sudden change in the cycle time of the above equipment. This problem can be solved by including an additional link in the composition of harvesting and transporting units – tractor grain handlers. Based on the averaged indicators of the area, yield, and throughput of the combine harvester, the study of the operation of transport vehicles with combine harvesters was conducted for comparison during direct transportation using different variants of vehicles and when using intermediate links in small agricultural enterprises. The research revealed the feasibility of using the method of technological maintenance of combines in small agricultural enterprises with an arable land area of up to 500 hectares when harvesting grain crops with grain reloaders, which ensures the prevention of combine downtime and, accordingly, the reduction of agrotechnical terms for harvesting, minimisation of crop losses and solving the problems of soil compaction by preventing the movement of grain carriers with a large axle load across the fields.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVING SPRAY DRYING MACHINES

B. V. Tykhtylo — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Today, drying is one of the most common ways to preserve milk, which removes free moisture and inhibits the growth of microorganisms. The most efficient method of drying milk in terms of energy consumption and finished product yield is spray drying. The relevance of this study is that milk powder is in great demand among consumers. The purpose of this paper is to systematize and summarize the current ideas of scientists about the methods of drying raw milk, analyze the available equipment for their implementation, and find ways to improve machines for spray drying milk. The article provides a classification of methods of spraying raw materials; their advantages and disadvantages are indicated. Based on scientific literature, it has been established that the most effective are hydraulic and mechanical sprayers. In particular, the hydraulic spraying method is the most energy-efficient, but it has insufficient spraying efficiency for liquids with high viscosity and rapid wear of nozzles. Pneumatic spraying is based on the use of energy that is transferred to it through dynamic interaction with the gas flow. Centrifugal disk atomizers can effectively disperse solutions with high viscosity, including coarse suspensions and paste-like materials. In this work, it was found that the design of centrifugal disk sprayers does not have small holes, so they are not prone to clogging, which ensures reliable operation and uniform spraying. The study showed that the duration of drying of dairy raw materials during spray drying varies from 5 to 30 s, and hot air with a temperature of 140-180 °C is used as a heat carrier. It has been established that a promising direction for improving the drying process is to increase the level of monodispersion of particles during spraying and to increase the temperature of the coolant. In practice, the use of a high-temperature regime can significantly increase the productivity of drying plants. Increasing the temperature of the coolant at the inlet to the drying chamber from 200 °C to 250 °C increased the productivity of a two-stage plant by 25%, while reducing heat consumption by 20%. However, this approach leads to an increase in the temperature of the exhaust coolant, which negatively affects the quality of the final product. Therefore, the issue of improving spray drying machines requires further research.

INFLUENCE OF HARMFUL FACTORS OF THE WORKING AREA ON THE DEVELOPMENT TO OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS

T. V. Khvorost, S. M. Khursenko, O. V. Semernya, O. O. Vasylenko — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article analyses the problems of occupational morbidity of agricultural workers, explores the impact of harmful work factors on employee health, and develops preventive measures to minimize occupational risks. The study analyses global and national statistics on occupational diseases, revealing discrepancies between official data and the real epidemiological situation. The World Health Organization estimates that 5% to 7% of global fatalities are related to occupational diseases, while in Ukraine only about 20 to 30 deaths per year are officially registered. The paper reveals a wide range of negative impacts on the health of agricultural workers, including respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, skin pathologies, and cancer risks. Particular attention is paid to the impact of organic dust, pesticides, unfavourable climatic conditions, vibration, and noise on the formation of occupational pathology. The study highlights the key problems of the industry: the lack of an effective labour protection system, imperfect medical supervision, especially in small farms, and low levels of workplace certification and preventive medical measures. The authors propose a comprehensive approach to solving the problem, which includes: improving technological processes; providing workers with personal protective equipment; conducting systematic medical examinations; introducing a risk-based approach; creating a unified information database; and strengthening preventive measures. The work is based on a comprehensive methodology that includes bibliographic analysis, a systematic approach, and statistical research methods. Materials from domestic and international scientific sources, including WHO and International Labor Organization reports, and statistical data from the State Labor Service of Ukraine, were used. The key emphasis of the work is on the need for an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to the study of occupational risks in agriculture, the introduction of modern occupational safety technologies, and continuous monitoring of workers’ health.

DETERMINATION OF THE SWITCHING ON MOMENT OF THE ACTIVE WHEELS OF A TECHNOLOGICAL MACHINE FROM THE POSITION OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

M. L. Shuliak, A. T. Lebedev, O. O. Sukhanov, I. G. Labetskyi — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The article considers the problems of increasing the efficiency of transport and technological units by more fully using the power of their engines. When a module with a variable mass (hopper, trailer-loader, container, etc.) is included in the composition of the combined unit, it is not possible to achieve a constant level of loading of the tractor engine, since at the beginning and end of the technological operation the mass of the load will be different, therefore one of the interesting ways to solve this problem is to use active drive wheels of the technological machine (trailer). Given that for a transport and technological unit, the use of active wheels of a technological machine (trailer) is effective only for part of the working time, it is advisable to determine the boundary conditions for connecting (disconnecting) active wheels from the standpoint of energy saving. The determining parameter for connecting active wheels can be the slippage of the tractor propellers, but during operation the transport and technological unit is subjected to significant dynamic influences, therefore, when determining the slippage coefficient and its limit values, it is advisable to take into account the dynamic component. The dependences of the change in the slippage of an all-wheel drive tractor when changing the vertical dynamic loads of its axles at different speeds of movement have been determined. It has been found that when the unit is accelerated, the intensity of the increase in the dynamic loads of the rear axle is greater than that of the front; and slippage is vice versa. With fluctuations in longitudinal forces, which are caused by fluctuations in engine torque and resistance of the technological machine (agricultural implement), within P P kT kT , the slip coefficient will change proportionally and have a maximum δmax and minimum δmin value. At the same time, the increase in the slip coefficient at P const kT is not constant, since it depends on the frequency of oscillation of the force influences that form the frequency characteristics of the oscillation of the corresponding force. Since it was found that the dynamic slip coefficient will be greater than the tractor slip coefficient when working with a constant force on the hook, when determining the moment of switching on the active wheels, it is necessary to base it on the δdyn.