MASTITIS PATHOGENS DEFINITION IN MILK COMPOSITION
Abstract
Traditionally, the identification and diagnosis of mycoplasmas were performed using microbial cultures. More recently, the use of polymerase chain reaction has been proposed to detect mycoplasmas from cattle milk. Polymerase chain reaction has a higher efficiency, specificity and sensitivity for laboratory diagnosis compared to traditional methods based on microbiological studies. The research was conducted by LLC "Agrofirma Lan", Sumy region, Sumy district, village Kindrativka. Procedures for the treatment of animals within the scope of an investigation were approved by the Ethics Committee of Sumy National Agrarian University (approval №: 2017/01). The experiments were performed on Holstein cows of 1-5 lactation cycle. A total of 200 heads were examined. The incidence of mastitis was determined by the California Mastitis Test and the determination of the number of somatic cells in milk. Milk samples for the study were collected weekly during morning milking from each quarter of the udder. All research experiments were performed according to the recommendations and standards. Microorganisms that cause subclinical mastitis were also determined in milk by microbiological methods. Milk grade for the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms was determined according to DSSU 7357, DSSU 7089, DSSU ISO 4833, DSSU IDF 100B and somatic cells according to DSSU ISO13366-1, DSSU ISO13366-2, DSSU 7672. In addition, molecular genetic studies of biological material (milk) from cows using PCR were performed. Studies have shown that the number of somatic cells (SCC) in the milk of the 1st experimental group was higher by 1265%, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAM) was higher by 31% compared to healthy animals in the control. Also, Mycoplasma spp. was detected in the milk of the first experimental group by PCR. In the second experimental group, where Staphylococcus spp. was isolated in milk, SCC was higher by 18,5% and (MAFAM) – by 1010%. In cows of the third experimental group, E. coli was isolated in milk as the main pathogen. At the same time SCC was higher by 24%, and MAFAM - by 1108%, compared to healthy animals.
References
2. Sinha, M. K., Thombare, N. N., & Mondal, B. (2014). Subclinical mastitis in dairy animals: incidence, economics, and predisposing factors. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 523984. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/523984
3. Das, D, Panda, S.K., Jena, B., Sahoo, A.K. (2018). Economic impact of subclinical and clinical mastitis in Odisha, India. IntJCurrMicrobiolAppSci. 7(03):3651–3654. https://www.ijcmas.com/7-3-2018/D.%20Das2,%20et%20al.pdf
4. Abebe, R., Hatiya, H., Abera, M., Megersa, B., & Asmare, K. (2016). Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia. BMC veterinary research, 12(1), 270. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0905-3
5. Romero, J., Benavides, E., & Meza, C. (2018). Assessing Financial Impacts of Subclinical Mastitis on Colombian Dairy Farms. Frontiers in veterinary science, 5, 273. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00273
6. Kalińska, A., Jaworski, S., Wierzbicki, M., & Gołębiewski, M. (2019). Silver and Copper Nanoparticles-An Alternative in Future Mastitis Treatment and Prevention?. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(7), 1672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071672
7. Manso-Silván, L., Dupuy, V., Lysnyansky, I., Ozdemir, U., & Thiaucourt, F. (2012). Phylogeny and molecular typing of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis by multilocus sequencing. Veterinary microbiology, 161(1-2), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.015
8. Horwood, P. F., Schibrowski, M. I., Fowler, E. V., Gibson, J. S., Barnes, T. S., & Mahony, T. J. (2014). Is Mycoplasma bovis a missing component of the bovine respiratory disease complex in Australia?. Australian veterinary journal, 92(6), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12184
9. Fox L. K. (2012). Mycoplasma mastitis: causes, transmission, and control. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 28(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.03.007
10. Al-Farha, A. A., Hemmatzadeh, F., Khazandi, M., Hoare, A., & Petrovski, K. (2017). Evaluation of effects of Mycoplasma mastitis on milk composition in dairy cattle from South Australia. BMC veterinary research, 13(1), 351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1274-2
11. Parker, A. M., Sheehy, P. A., Hazelton, M. S., Bosward, K. L., & House, J. K. (2018). A review of mycoplasma diagnostics in cattle. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 32(3), 1241–1252. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15135
12. Yair, Y., Borovok, I., Mikula, I., Falk, R., Fox, L. K., Gophna, U., & Lysnyansky, I. (2020). Genomics-based epidemiology of bovine Mycoplasma bovis strains in Israel. BMC genomics, 21(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6460-0
13. Wisselink, H. J., Smid, B., Plater, J., Ridley, A., Andersson, A. M., Aspán, A., Pohjanvirta, T., Vähänikkilä, N., Larsen, H., Høgberg, J., Colin, A., & Tardy, F. (2019). A European interlaboratory trial to evaluate the performance of different PCR methods for Mycoplasma bovis diagnosis. BMC veterinary research, 15(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1819-7
14. Deng, Z., Hogeveen, H., Lam, T., van der Tol, R., & Koop, G. (2020). Performance of Online Somatic Cell Count Estimation in Automatic Milking Systems. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00221
15. Kandeel, S. A., Morin, D. E., Calloway, C. D., & Constable, P. D. (2018). Association of California Mastitis Test Scores with Intramammary Infection Status in Lactating Dairy Cows Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 32(1), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14876
16. Bhulto, A.L., Murry, R.D., Woldehiwet, Z (2012): California Mastitis Test scores as indicators of subclinical intramammary infections at the end of lactation in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci, 92, 13-17.
17. Prescott, S.C., Breed, R.S. (2010): The determination of the number of body cells in milk by a direct method. American J Pub Hyg, 20, 662-640.
18. Haapala, V., Pohjanvirta, T., Vähänikkilä, N., Halkilahti, J., Simonen, H., Pelkonen, S., Soveri, T., Simojoki, H., & Autio, T. (2018). Semen as a source of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy herds. Veterinary microbiology, 216, 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.005
19. Hazelton, M. S., Morton, J. M., Parker, A. M., Sheehy, P. A., Bosward, K. L., Malmo, J., & House, J. K. (2020). Whole dairy herd sampling to detect subclinical intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infection after clinical mastitis outbreaks. Veterinary microbiology, 244, 108662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108662.
20. Aebi, M., van den Borne, B. H., Raemy, A., Steiner, A., Pilo, P., & Bodmer, M. (2015). Mycoplasma bovis infections in Swiss dairy cattle: a clinical investigation. Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 57(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-015-0099-x
21. Ashraf, A., & Imran, M. (2020). Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis. Animal health research reviews, 21(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252319000094
22. Côté-Gravel, J., & Malouin, F. (2019). Symposium review: Features of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis pathogenesis that guide vaccine development strategies. Journal of dairy science, 102(5), 4727–4740. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15272
23. Babra, C., Tiwari, J. G., Pier, G., Thein, T. H., Sunagar, R., Sundareshan, S., Isloor, S., Hegde, N. R., de Wet, S., Deighton, M., Gibson, J., Costantino, P., Wetherall, J., & Mukkur, T. (2013). The persistence of biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Australia. Folia microbiologica, 58(6), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-013-0232-z
24. Bradley, A. J., Breen, J. E., Payne, B., White, V., & Green, M. J. (2015). An investigation of the efficacy of a polyvalent mastitis vaccine using different vaccination regimens under field conditions in the United Kingdom. Journal of dairy science, 98(3), 1706–1720. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8332
25. Collado, R., Prenafeta, A., González-González, L., Pérez-Pons, J. A., & Sitjà, M. (2016). Probing vaccine antigens against bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus uberis. Vaccine, 34(33), 3848–3854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.044
26. Klaas, I. C., & Zadoks, R. N. (2018). An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 65 Suppl 1, 166–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12704
27. Ruegg P. L. (2017). A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention. Journal of dairy science, 100(12), 10381–10397. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13023
28. Aghamohammadi, M., Haine, D., Kelton, D. F., Barkema, H. W., Hogeveen, H., Keefe, G. P., & Dufour, S. (2018). Herd-Level Mastitis-Associated Costs on Canadian Dairy Farms. Frontiers in veterinary science, 5, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00100
29. Hadrich, J. C., Wolf, C. A., Lombard, J., & Dolak, T. M. (2018). Estimating milk yield and value losses from increased somatic cell count on US dairy farms. Journal of dairy science, 101(4), 3588–3596. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13840
30. Jasper D. E. (1982). The role of Mycoplasma in bovine mastitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181(2), 158–162.
ISSN 
ISSN 
