RESEARCH OF THE SAND FROM PARKS AND SANDBOXES OF ZAPORIZHZHIA FOR THE PRESENCE OF TOXOCARA SPP. EGGS
Keywords:
Toxocariasis, Toxocara spp, prevalence of Toxocara spp eggs
Abstract
Helminths are quite common parasites of domestic animals. But the question of monitoring the infection of animals is not given enough attention, although most of their helminths are the causative agents of zoonoses, especially common among children of preschool age. Toxocarosis is a widespread zoonotic helminthic infestation. Toxocara is a nematode that parasitizes the intestines of dogs and cats. Infection of which occurs by eating helminth eggs, through contact with soil, mother's milk, paratenic hosts, or even in utero, the larva gets through the mother's placenta to the fetus. And in the environment eggs of Toxocara spp. enter through defecation, where the final maturation of the eggs to the invasive stage takes place. Unfortunately, the guardians of pets do not pay enough attention to the conditions of keeping, disease prevention and walking of their animals. But very often a walk of a pet is accompanied by a walk in the park or yard where they live. Mass pollution of the environment with invasive material increases the risk of infection of both animals and people who may come into contact with invasive material. For the study, the places of probable contact of people with invasive material were chosen to study the distribution of eggs of Toxocara spp. In European countries, the prevalence of eggs of this helminth in sand and soil varies from 0 to 85.7%. In the city of Zaporizhzhia, this issue was not given sufficient attention earlier. In total, 30 sand samples were examined, of which 10 samples were from park and square areas in the city of Zaporizhia, in which mass walking of animals is practiced, and 20 in-house sandboxes of multi-story buildings in the city of Zaporizhzhia. The study was conducted according to the method of N. A. Romanenko. The presence of at least 1 egg of Toxocara spp. was found in 18 out of 30 samples, the total prevalence is 60%. In total, 90% of all samples from the park areas and 45% of the domestic sandpits that were examined had Toxocara spp. eggs. Therefore, it can be concluded about the high prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs. in the sand on the territory of park areas and private sandboxes in the city of Zaporizhia. Also, a conclusion about the high risk and possibility of Toxocarosis in people in contact with sand. To reduce the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs, minimal preventive measures should be taken, namely deworming of pets, better control of stray cats and dogs, collection of pet feces, and frequent hand washing after visiting play areas and before eating.
References
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15. Kotel'nikov G. A. (1984). Gel'mintologicheskie issledovanija zhivotnyh i okruzhajushhej sredy [Helminthological animal and environmental studies]. Kolos, Moskva (in Russian).
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20. Mendonça, L. R., Figueiredo, C. A., Esquivel, R., Fiaccone, R. L., Pontes-de-Carvalho, L., Cooper, P., Barreto, M. L., & Alcantara-Neves, N. M. (2013). Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection in children from an urban large setting in Northeast Brazil. Acta Tropica, 128(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.018
21. Moisieieva N.V., Kapustianska A.A., Vakhnenko A.V., Rumyantseva M.O., Kulyk L.G. (2017). Toksokaroz – suchasni aspekty problemy [Toxocariasis: modern aspects of issue]. Aktualni problemy suchasnoi medytsyny, 4(60), 272–277. (in Ukrainian).
22. Öge, H., Öge, S., & Özbakiş-Beceriklisoy, G. (2019). Detection and identification of Toxocara canis in infected dogs using PCR. Helminthologia, 56(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0008
23. Oguz, B., Ozdal, N., & Serdar Deger, M. (2018). Genetic analysis of Toxocara spp. in stray cats and dogs in Van province, Eastern Turkey. Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(3), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0042
24. Otero, D., Alho, A. M., Nijsse, R., Roelfsema, J., Overgaauw, P., & Madeira de Carvalho, L. (2018). Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of Greater Lisbon, Portugal. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(1), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.05.002
25. Paliy A.P., Sumakova N.V., Biben I.A., Zazharskyi V.V., Sliusarenko D.V., Yevtushenko I.D., Pavlichenko O.V., Livoshchenko Y.M., Bulavina V.S., & Palii A.P. (2021) Antihelminthic effects of active substances moxidectin and praziquantel. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11(3), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.15421/2021_168
26. Phasuk, N., Kache, R., Thongtup, K., Boonmuang, S., & Punsawad, C. (2020). Soil Contamination with Toxocara Eggs in Public Schools in Rural Areas of Southern Thailand. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2020, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9659640
27. Placinta G. (2018). Monoinvasion with toxocara canis in children. The Moldovan Medical Journal, 61(2). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1299012
28. Placinta G., Stirbu T. & Tovba L. (2018) Evolution of the toxocariasis monoinvasion in comparison with the toxocariasis associated with other parasites in children. The Moldovan Medical Journal, 61(1), https://doi.org/36 41. 10.5281/zenodo.1186196
29. Prijma O.B. & Stibel' V.V. (2010). Obsemenennost' jajcami Toxocara canis pesochnic igrovyh detskih ploshhadok vo L'vove [Contamination of sand-boxes at children playing grounds in the city of Lvov]. Teorija i praktika bor'by s parazitarnymi rastenijami, (11), 371–373. (in Ukrainian).
30. Ramos, N. de V., Silva, M. L. e, Barreto, M. S., Barros, L. A., & Mendes-de-Almeida, F. (2020). Endoparasites of household and shelter cats in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019110
31. Saichenko, I. V., Antipov, A. A., Bakhur, T. I., Bezditko, L. V., & Shmayun, S. S. (2021). Co-infection of Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis in different aged dogs: Influence on the haematological indices. Biosystems Diversity, 29(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.15421/012117
32. Said V. S., Stybel V. V., Gytyj B. V., Pryima O. B., Sobolta A. G., & Leskiv K. Y. (2020). Morphological Parameters Of Dogs' Blood Under Experimental Toxocariasis. Colloquium-journal, 23(75). https://doi.org/10.24411/2520-6990-2020-12135
33. Said, W., Stybel, V. V., Gutyj, B. V., & Prijma, O. B. (2018). Suchasnyi pohliad na problemu toksokarozu u sobak [A modern look at the problem of toxocarosis in dogs]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 20(83), 411–416 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8380
34. Sariego, I., Kanobana, K., Junco, R., Vereecken, K., Núñez, F. A., Polman, K., Bonet, M., & Rojas, L. (2012). Frequency of antibodies to Toxocara in Cuban schoolchildren. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17(6), 711–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02996.x
35. Stybel V., Prijma O. & Ponomar S. (2014) Doslidzhennia kilkosti T- i V-limfotsytiv za dii invazii Toxocara Canis [Studies Quantities Of T- And B-Lymphocytes Under The Influence For Action Invasion Toxocara Canis]. Naukovyi vistnyk LNUVMBT imeni S.Z. Hzhytskoho, 3(60), 330–334 (in Ukrainian).
36. Tudor, P. (2015). Soil Contamination with Canine Intestinal Parasites Eggs in the Parks and Shelter Dogs from Bucharest Area. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 6, 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.103
37. Tyungu, D. L., McCormick, D., Lau, C. L., Chang, M., Murphy, J. R., Hotez, P. J., Mejia, R., & Pollack, H. (2020). Toxocara species environmental contamination of public spaces in New York City. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(5), e0008249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008249
2. Alvarado-Esquivel, C. (2013). Toxocariasis in Waste Pickers: A Case Control Seroprevalence Study. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e54897. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054897
3. Azimian, Hamid, Shokrani, Hamidreza, & Fallahi, Shirzad. (2020). Author response for “Molecular evaluation of Toxocara species in stray cats using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique as a rapid, sensitive and simple screening assay.” https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.431/v2/response1
4. Berrett, A. N., Erickson, L. D., Gale, S. D., Stone, A., Brown, B. L., & Hedges, D. W. (2017). Toxocara Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the United States. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97(6), 1846–1850. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0542
5. Boyko, О. О., Faly, L. I., & Brygadyrenk V. V. (2011) Raznoobrazie parazitov hishhnyh zhivotnyh na territorii g. Dnepropetrovsk [Parasites Diversity in Carnivorous Animals in the Territory of Dnipropetrovsk]. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University, 2(2), 3–7 (in Ukrainian).
6. Chieffi, P. P., Zevallos Lescano, S. A., Rodrigues e Fonseca, G., & Santos, S. V. dos. (2021). Human Toxocariasis: 2010 to 2020 Contributions from Brazilian Researchers. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine, Volume 12, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.2147/rrtm.s274733
7. Chodun-Wroblewska, W., Nieradko-Iwanicka, B., & Iwanicki, J. A. (2022). Testing sand and soil from selected playgrounds in Lublin for eggs of nematodes of the genus: Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 35(3), 133–136. https://doi.org/10.2478/cipms-2022-0025
8. Dralova O.A., Usachova O.V., Konakova O.V. (2017). Koreliatsiini vzaiemozviazky imunolohichnykh ta klinikolaboratornykh pokaznykiv patsiientiv iz toksokaroznoiu invaziieiu [Correlation interrelations of immunological and clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with toxocara infestation]. Aktualnaâ Infektologiâ. 5(5), 235-238 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.22141/2312-413x.5.5.2017.121636
9. Fecková, M., Antolová, D., Zaleśny, G., Halánová, M., Štrkolcová, G., Goldová, M., Weissová, T., Lukáč, B., & Nováková, M. (2020). Seroepidemiology of human toxocariasis in selected population groups in Slovakia: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(8), 1107–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.04.006
10. Guimarães, A. M., Alves, E. G. L., Rezende, G. F. de, & Rodrigues, M. C. (2005). Ovos de Toxocara sp. e larvas de Ancylostoma sp. em praça pública de Lavras, MG. Revista de Saúde Pública, 39(2), 293–295. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102005000200022
11. Gurler, a. T., Bolukbas, C. S., Akcay, A., pekmezci, G. Z., Açici, M., & Umur, S. (2020). Role of cat and dog faeces in the contamination of sand playgrounds in public parks by Toxocara spp. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 76(08), 6436–2020. https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.6436
12. Jarosz, W., Durant, J.-F., Irenge, L. M. W. B., Fogt-Wyrwas, R., Mizgajska-Wiktor, H., & Gala, J.-L. (2021). Optimized DNA-based identification of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil and sand samples. Parasites & Vectors, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04904-1
13. Jõgi, N. O., Svanes, C., Siiak, S. P., Logan, E., Holloway, J. W., Igland, J., Johannessen, A., Levin, M., Real, F. G., Schlunssen, V., Horsnell, W. G. C., & Bertelsen, R. J. (2017). Zoonotic helminth exposure and risk of allergic diseases: A study of two generations in Norway. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 48(1), 66–77. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13055
14. Köchle, B. R., Garijo-Toledo, M. M., Llobat, L., & Sansano-Maestre, J. (2022). Prevalence of Toxocara Eggs in Public Parks in the City of Valencia (Eastern Spain). Veterinary Sciences, 9(5), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050232
15. Kotel'nikov G. A. (1984). Gel'mintologicheskie issledovanija zhivotnyh i okruzhajushhej sredy [Helminthological animal and environmental studies]. Kolos, Moskva (in Russian).
16. Lee, R. M., Moore, L. B., Bottazzi, M. E., & Hotez, P. J. (2014). Toxocariasis in North America: A Systematic Review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(8), e3116. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003116
17. Mahdy, O. A., Mousa, W. M., Abdel-Maogood, S. Z., Nader, S. M., & Abdel-Radi, S. (2020). Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara species in dogs, cattle and buffalo in Egypt. Helminthologia, 57(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0013
18. Maleki, B., Khorshidi, A., Gorgipour, M., Mirzapour, A., Majidiani, H., & Foroutan, M. (2018). Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil of public areas in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54(2), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2017.06.001
19. Maslennikova, O., & Erofeeva, V. (2020). Biological contamination of soils in urbanized ecosystems by Toxocara sp. eggs. E3S Web of Conferences, 169, 04002(in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016904002
20. Mendonça, L. R., Figueiredo, C. A., Esquivel, R., Fiaccone, R. L., Pontes-de-Carvalho, L., Cooper, P., Barreto, M. L., & Alcantara-Neves, N. M. (2013). Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection in children from an urban large setting in Northeast Brazil. Acta Tropica, 128(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.018
21. Moisieieva N.V., Kapustianska A.A., Vakhnenko A.V., Rumyantseva M.O., Kulyk L.G. (2017). Toksokaroz – suchasni aspekty problemy [Toxocariasis: modern aspects of issue]. Aktualni problemy suchasnoi medytsyny, 4(60), 272–277. (in Ukrainian).
22. Öge, H., Öge, S., & Özbakiş-Beceriklisoy, G. (2019). Detection and identification of Toxocara canis in infected dogs using PCR. Helminthologia, 56(2), 118–123. https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2019-0008
23. Oguz, B., Ozdal, N., & Serdar Deger, M. (2018). Genetic analysis of Toxocara spp. in stray cats and dogs in Van province, Eastern Turkey. Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(3), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2018-0042
24. Otero, D., Alho, A. M., Nijsse, R., Roelfsema, J., Overgaauw, P., & Madeira de Carvalho, L. (2018). Environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and playground sandpits of Greater Lisbon, Portugal. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(1), 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.05.002
25. Paliy A.P., Sumakova N.V., Biben I.A., Zazharskyi V.V., Sliusarenko D.V., Yevtushenko I.D., Pavlichenko O.V., Livoshchenko Y.M., Bulavina V.S., & Palii A.P. (2021) Antihelminthic effects of active substances moxidectin and praziquantel. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 11(3), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.15421/2021_168
26. Phasuk, N., Kache, R., Thongtup, K., Boonmuang, S., & Punsawad, C. (2020). Soil Contamination with Toxocara Eggs in Public Schools in Rural Areas of Southern Thailand. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2020, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9659640
27. Placinta G. (2018). Monoinvasion with toxocara canis in children. The Moldovan Medical Journal, 61(2). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1299012
28. Placinta G., Stirbu T. & Tovba L. (2018) Evolution of the toxocariasis monoinvasion in comparison with the toxocariasis associated with other parasites in children. The Moldovan Medical Journal, 61(1), https://doi.org/36 41. 10.5281/zenodo.1186196
29. Prijma O.B. & Stibel' V.V. (2010). Obsemenennost' jajcami Toxocara canis pesochnic igrovyh detskih ploshhadok vo L'vove [Contamination of sand-boxes at children playing grounds in the city of Lvov]. Teorija i praktika bor'by s parazitarnymi rastenijami, (11), 371–373. (in Ukrainian).
30. Ramos, N. de V., Silva, M. L. e, Barreto, M. S., Barros, L. A., & Mendes-de-Almeida, F. (2020). Endoparasites of household and shelter cats in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019110
31. Saichenko, I. V., Antipov, A. A., Bakhur, T. I., Bezditko, L. V., & Shmayun, S. S. (2021). Co-infection of Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis in different aged dogs: Influence on the haematological indices. Biosystems Diversity, 29(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.15421/012117
32. Said V. S., Stybel V. V., Gytyj B. V., Pryima O. B., Sobolta A. G., & Leskiv K. Y. (2020). Morphological Parameters Of Dogs' Blood Under Experimental Toxocariasis. Colloquium-journal, 23(75). https://doi.org/10.24411/2520-6990-2020-12135
33. Said, W., Stybel, V. V., Gutyj, B. V., & Prijma, O. B. (2018). Suchasnyi pohliad na problemu toksokarozu u sobak [A modern look at the problem of toxocarosis in dogs]. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 20(83), 411–416 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8380
34. Sariego, I., Kanobana, K., Junco, R., Vereecken, K., Núñez, F. A., Polman, K., Bonet, M., & Rojas, L. (2012). Frequency of antibodies to Toxocara in Cuban schoolchildren. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17(6), 711–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02996.x
35. Stybel V., Prijma O. & Ponomar S. (2014) Doslidzhennia kilkosti T- i V-limfotsytiv za dii invazii Toxocara Canis [Studies Quantities Of T- And B-Lymphocytes Under The Influence For Action Invasion Toxocara Canis]. Naukovyi vistnyk LNUVMBT imeni S.Z. Hzhytskoho, 3(60), 330–334 (in Ukrainian).
36. Tudor, P. (2015). Soil Contamination with Canine Intestinal Parasites Eggs in the Parks and Shelter Dogs from Bucharest Area. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 6, 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.103
37. Tyungu, D. L., McCormick, D., Lau, C. L., Chang, M., Murphy, J. R., Hotez, P. J., Mejia, R., & Pollack, H. (2020). Toxocara species environmental contamination of public spaces in New York City. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(5), e0008249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008249
Published
2023-03-15
How to Cite
SidorovS. О. (2023). RESEARCH OF THE SAND FROM PARKS AND SANDBOXES OF ZAPORIZHZHIA FOR THE PRESENCE OF TOXOCARA SPP. EGGS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (4(59), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2022.4.10
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