Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine

MONITORING OF THE ISOLATION OF PATHOGENS OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF POULTRY

2025-03-17T10:16:52+02:00

In modern commercial poultry farming, the main problem remains the fight against infectious diseases, which cause significant economic losses due to reduced productivity and costs of eradication measures. Broilers are particularly vulnerable to bacterial diseases due to their intensive growth rate and high productivity. The article is devoted to the definition and analysis of the spread of bacterial infections in poultry farms in the northeastern part of Ukraine. The main attention is paid to determining the etiological factors of infectious diseases in broiler chickens of different age groups. It was established that bacterial pathogens were isolated mainly in associations and were represented by microorganisms of the Enterobacteriacea. Most often isolated pathogens Salmonella spp., E. coli, Proteus spp. and other opportunistic microorganisms. The study carried out a microbiological analysis of 385 samples of pathological material taken from broilers of different age periods (1–7, 10–30 and 30–42 days). The results revealed a significant role of Salmonella spp. as an etiological factor of diseases in early age period, E. coli in middle age groups and Proteus spp. with Pseudomonas spp. in the older age group. Salmonella spp., E. coli and Proteus spp. were most often isolated in 89.7% of the investigated samples of biomaterial from chickens 1–7 days, the association of bacterial isolates of Salmonella spp., P. mirabilis represented the largest part – 36.9%. From samples of biomaterial from broiler chickens 10–30 days, isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp. make up the dominant share – 41.8%, E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. – 22.1%, Salmonella spp. and C. perfringens – 14.9%, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. – 10.2%, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. – 6.3%, Bacillus spp., Proteus spp. – 4.7%. Campylobacter spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Clostridium spp. were the largest share of isolates from the examined samples of chicken carcasses 30–42 days – 25.8%, which indicates their predominant role in the development of primary and secondary infections in poultry and the potential risks of spreading foodborne toxic infections in humans when consuming insufficiently thermally processed poultry meat. Studies confirm the influence of the microbiological background on the development of primary and secondary infections associated with the conditions of housing, feeding and biosecurity in farms.

LEPTOSPIROSIS OF FARM ANIMALS IN THE SUMY REGION

2025-03-17T10:16:50+02:00

Leptospirosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease, the monitoring of which is necessary not only for the stable functioning of agricultural enterprises, but also for the protection of human health. The purpose of this work was to analyse the results of the monitoring research among livestock species in the Sumy region for the period 2021-2024 and to take into account factors that may affect the results of monitoring and the intensity of the disease spread. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the epizootic situation shows a positive trend, which is reflected in the decrease of the disease rate among the tested farm animals. No cases of leptospirosis have been detected in sheep and goats over the last four years, but in cattle tested, the disease rate was 19.5% at the beginning of the period analysed (2021) and gradually decreased to 9% in October 2024. There is also a positive trend for pigs, although there was a 50% increase in the number of sick animals in 2023 compared to 2022. The percentage of positively reacting animals among the tested horses has fluctuated significantly, dropping to 1.6% in 2022 and remaining at 9%-11% for the last two years (2023–2024). The next step was to analyse changes in the number of livestock animals on the territory of the Sumy region, as the number of susceptible animals has a direct impact on the intensity of the spread of the disease. Analysis of the reports of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine showed that the improvement in the situation could be due to a significant reduction in the number of livestock animals and a decrease in monitoring coverage, which could give a false picture of the epizootic situation of leptospirosis. Particular attention was also paid to the analysis of factors that might influence the spread of leptospirosis in the context of military activities and lead to a deterioration of the epizootic situation on the territory of the region. The main risk factors identified were water pollution, rodent population growth and socio-economic changes. In 2024, the Sumy region is still not really safe for leptospirosis, which indicates the need for continuous monitoring of the disease in livestock species and pets, strengthening of preventive measures, monitoring of the sanitary condition of water bodies, improving water quality and implementation of regular deratisation activities.

SPREAD OF AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS (REVIEW)

2025-03-17T10:16:47+02:00

This review paper considers the topical issue of tuberculosis in poultry. This disease was considered eradicated in Ukraine. On the other hand, isolated cases of poultry disease still occur. This can be explained by the military operations in Ukraine and the fact that Mycobacterium avium constantly circulates among wild birds. The relevance of this issue is also confirmed by the fact that this disease affects not only birds but is also contagious to humans. In 2022, suspicion of tuberculosis in birds was detected mainly in the poultry sector and among small enterprises. The cause of cases of tuberculosis in birds was non-compliance with sanitary standards, insufficient or absent disinfection of premises. The use of open feeders and waterers contributed to the contact of domestic poultry with wild birds that are carriers of Mycobacterium avium. Lack of vaccination of birds for various reasons. When a bird becomes ill with tuberculosis, its egg production decreases by 30–50%, meat productivity decreases, and feed costs increase. At autopsy of the bird, pathological changes are observed in the lungs, spleen, lymph nodes. Morphological and biological features of the pathogen are that Mycobacterium avium is an acid-fast, immobile, gram-positive rod measuring 0.2–0.5 × 1.0–4.0 μm. Its cell wall contains a high concentration of lipids, which provide resistance to disinfectants and environmental influences. The pathogen is an obligate aerobe that actively multiplies at a temperature of 37–42°C. The optimal pH of the medium for growth is 6.0–7.0. The bacterium is able to maintain viability in soil, water, litter and on surfaces for 2 years. The bacterium is insensitive to most standard disinfectants. Pathogenicity factors include resistance to phagocytosis, due to which the bacterium is retained in macrophages, causing chronic inflammation. The main routes of infection in private farms are the fecal-oral route, which occurs through the release of the pathogen through the feces of sick birds. Poor hygiene conditions contribute to the contamination of water, feed and litter. The problems of timely diagnosis in private farms are the lack of access to modern methods, the lack of equipment for molecular genetic diagnostics. The most sensitive diagnostic methods are PCR, histological analysis and microbiological studies. Preventive measures include disinfection, isolation of sick birds, control of housing conditions and vaccination.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CASES OF LATERISM IN HEAVY-CROSS TURKEYS UNDER INDUSTRIAL KEEPING

2025-03-17T10:16:44+02:00

The work is devoted to one of the aspects of the pathology of cardiovascular systems laterism (rupture of the aorta and its branches) in heavy cross turkeys. The literature review highlights the history of studying this issue in industrial turkey farming. Literary sources regarding the establishment of etiological factors and triggers, which under modern conditions are able to contribute to the emergence of this pathology in turkeys, are critically studied. The information of various researchers regarding the pathoanatomical and pathomorphological changes in laterism in turkeys and the direction of correction of this pathology was evaluated. The aim of the work was to evaluate the spectrum of the main pathological changes detected during the growing period of converter heavy crosses Converter and Big 6 turkeys in a comparative aspect, and to establish their possible influence on the occurrence of sudden death from vascular ruptures. It was established that despite the use of modern preventive measures (compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements for keeping and feeding with the use of copper chelating compounds, etc.), cases of sudden death due to rupture of blood vessels are registered in male turkeys of two heavy crosses, older than 13 weeks. However, the final calculations indicate that the number of cases of the specified pathology can vary significantly in different batches of poultry. A significant difference in the number of cases was found when comparing the number of sudden deaths from internal hemorrhages in males of different breeds. If the number of cases of ischemic processes and dilatation of the heart among the Big 6 cross turkeys was 5.5 times greater, the death from aortic rupture was significantly less (by 350 cases among the studied) than among the Converter cross turkeys. Among other diseases, dystrophic changes in turkeys prevailed (in the myocardium, liver, cartilage tissue), stagnant processes in the vessels of the large circulatory circle, in the liver, lungs, as well as various levels of inflammatory processes in the intestines, joints, ligaments).

SOFTWARE INFORMATION AND EXPERT SYSTEM AS A DIGITAL SOLUTION FOR OPTIMIZING THE RESULTS OF THE SECTIONAL EXAMINATION OF ANIMAL CARCASSES

2025-03-17T10:16:42+02:00

In order to successfully achieve the main goal of forensic expert activity (obtaining objective, substantiated, truthful, correct conclusions based on the results of research), digitalization and the direction of information technology development are the most promising. When creating an information expert system, it is taken into account that no cybernetic method will be able to cover the entire possible complex of solving expert tasks with its various objects, complex morpho-functional relationships between them and a significant variety of methods of their implementation. The platform for which the software was developed is Windows 7×32 or later versions with a more powerful processor. The Microsoft product Visual Studio 2019 was also used as a development environment, developed using WPF, which is part of the .Net platform system and is a subsystem for building graphical interfaces, whose reproduction is responsible for Direct X with the declarative interface markup language XAML and C#. The developed software complex "SVS – forensic-veterinary section" provides optimization and automation of forensic research; reducing the time spent on their implementation, increasing the productivity of experts; minimization of costs of material resources; formalization of forensic methods; obtaining reliable results; reliability of accumulation, processing of input data and transfer of processed research results to obtain new quality information (information product); algorithmization of expert operations. The signs of the examined animal corpse analyzed and marked by the forensic expert and recorded in the database of the proposed information and expert system are used during the preparation of the protocol part of the forensic veterinary autopsy of the animal corpse, and later – in the expert's opinion.

RESISTANCE OF THE RABBIT ORGANISM AND THE QUALITY OF RABBIT FRESH UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY

2025-03-17T10:16:38+02:00

The conducted research allows us to assert the positive effect of feeding rabbit feed additives during the period of laying on the body's resistance and obtaining high-quality meat and fur. It was established that already on the 5th day of introduction of feed additives "Chika" and "Ushastyk" into the diet of animals according to the research scheme increases the resistance of the organism, although not all indicators have a reliable characteristic. In the animals of the experimental groups, the content of lysozyme in the blood increased by 1.07-1.08 times, complement – unlikely, properdin by 1.20 times, IgG, mg/ml by 1.12 times. Feeding the guinea pigs with fodder until the 10th day of gestation by females fixed the increase in the activity of resistance factors. In the animals of the experimental groups, the content of lysozyme in the blood increased by 1.15-1.18 times, complement – by 1.15 times, and properdin by 1.16 times compared to the control – 1.15 times (p ≤0.05), Ig G, mg/ml in 1.39 times (p ≤0.01). LASK and BASK had a tendency to increase, but in the animals of the experimental groups they were not likely to be higher. The completeness of phagocytosis was significantly increased by 1.15 (p ≤0.05), and the phagocytosis index by 1.27 times in animals of the fourth group (p ≤0.01), by 1.09 times in animals of the third group (p ≤0, 05). The introduction of feed additives into the diet of rabbits until the end of the fruit-bearing period preserved a high level of activity of indicators of the body's natural resistance. In the animals of the experimental groups, the content of lysozyme in the blood increased in comparison with the control by 1.25-1.19 times (p ≤0.05), complement by 1.06-1.07 times, properdin by 1.23-1, 25 times for the second and third groups (p ≤0.05), Ig G, mg/ml in 1.69 times in the third group (р ≤0.01). Providing animals with feed additives in the following made it possible to obtain high-quality products from rabbits. We found that the content of total moisture in the meat of animals of the control group was 73.999± 2.066%, which was 1.243% more than in the meat of animals of the second group. In the meat of animals of the third and fourth groups, the moisture content was significantly lower, which was accompanied by an increase in the content of dry matter in the meat. The content of dry matter in meat from animals of the control group was 1.396, 1.55 and 1.56% less than in meat from animals of the second – fourth group. The highest level of fur characteristics is determined in skins obtained from animals of the 4th group. The fur on the skins obtained from experimental animals is the most formed. The arrangement of collagen fibers in bundles is thinner and denser. The number of hairs in the skin cover is on average 5800 thousand more pieces per cm2. Skins from animals of the 4th group are more long-haired, thick-haired, with a higher density of skin tissue.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE REHABILITATION POTENTIAL OF CATS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEEDING

2025-03-17T10:16:36+02:00

The main purpose of this work was to compare the rehabilitation potential of homeless cats with different types of diet in the conditions of a two-month stay in a shelter. 29 clinically healthy cats were selected and divided into three groups. During the research, live weight, 12 hematological and 11 biochemical indicators were determined. The selection of samples and the study of indicators took place on the first day of the cats' stay in the shelter and after 30 and 60 days. During the first measurement, it was found that the indicators in the groups for different categories of feed statistically differ from each other, although all the animals were clinically healthy. There was a statistically significant difference in live weight between the first and other groups and a significant increase in live weight after 60 days in all groups. The dependence of the level of hematological indicators, as well as biochemical tests characterizing the metabolic profile of animals, is statistically substantiated. For 60 days, a decrease in the number of leukocytes, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, total protein and globulins, total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, activity of ALT, alkaline phosphatase was observed against the background of an increase in the level of albumins, erythrocytes and hematocrit. There was a variable statistical difference between the groups on many parameters throughout the study, except for alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, basophils, platelets, and band neutrophils, which did not differ between groups statistically. The reasons for the differences in laboratory indicators in the blood of cats were the age of the animals and the type of feed, but these changes did not go beyond the reference values of the norm. The use of any of these foods for 60 days contributed to the adaptation of the animals' bodies to the conditions of being in the shelter, and our study helped to develop sensitive, reliable and objective criteria for assessing the welfare and well-being of animals to improve the existence of cats in shelters. Currently, there is no consensus on the criteria for assessing the well-being and well-being of cats in shelters due to the existing differences in housing conditions and in general due to the multifactorial nature of stress factors, and therefore, the results of the study by the authors of this publication have improved sensitive and objective assessment criteria for improving the existence of cats in shelters.

EFFECTIVENESS OF A PREPARATION CREATED USING NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PATHOLOGY OF HYPOHAMMAGLOBINEMIA IN PIGGLES

2025-03-17T10:16:33+02:00

In the modern world, the food problem is one of the most complex problems of the world economy and politics. In solving the meat problem, the pig industry is of paramount importance, since this branch of animal husbandry allows for the production of high-quality meat products in a short time with high feed conversion. In most countries of the world, pigs as farm animals that have changed under the influence of long-term human influence are the most important source of production of highly nutritious food products. Currently, several hundred different breeds are bred in countries around the world, all of which will lead to a well-founded selection of the best animals, selection according to the desired type and targeted breeding of new generations. The variety of pig breeds allows farms in the Sumy region to have a wide choice to achieve various goals of obtaining healthy livestock with a high percentage of their survival. The main role in increasing the efficiency of the pig industry is assigned to veterinary and sanitary measures. The wide range of modern veterinary drugs allows to prevent the decrease in profitability of the farm from the death of piglets. The article presents data on the acute toxicity and prophylactic efficacy of a complex injectable preparation designed on the basis of nanoparticles of trace elements in iron deficiency anemia in piglets. The main functions of iron are associated with its incorporation into hemoglobin and myoglobin, which carry out oxygen transport, as well as into cytochrome enzymes, which provide oxidative processes. A negative consequence of iron deficiency in the body is alimentary anemia, which refers to mass diseases of animals, especially suckling piglets, characterized by impaired hematopoiesis in the form of a decrease in the saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin and erythrocytopenia. In addition to impaired functions of hematopoietic organs and metabolism, anemia in piglets is accompanied by impaired growth and development, as well as decreased immunity and a high susceptibility to infectious respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IS A GLOBAL PROBLEM IN TURKEY FARMING

2025-03-17T10:16:29+02:00

The development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a serious cause for concern. No major new types of antibiotics have been developed in the past few decades, and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The development and spread of antibiotic resistance is gradually limiting the possibilities of treating and preventing most bacterial pathogens, threatening the main components of modern human and veterinary medicine. The inappropriate use of antibiotics in the treatment of humans, animals, poultry and the environment, as well as the spread of resistant bacteria and resistance genes among these sectors and worldwide, are contributing factors. Antibiotics can enter the environment from various sources, including human waste, veterinary waste and livestock waste. The aim of our work was to determine the biochemical properties of isolated cultures from patmaterial (turkey carcasses of different age groups), and to investigate the sensitivity of cultures to antibacterial drugs. The research was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Sanitary Inspection, Microbiology, Hygiene and Pathological Anatomy. The research used: bacteriological, pathoanatomical, biochemical methods. The article presents the results of the biochemical properties of microorganisms of the E. coli group and their sensitivity to the most commonly used drugs in veterinary practice. The isolated cultures were oxidase-negative, formed indole, did not form hydrogen sulfide, gave a negative Voges-Proskauer reaction, and did not utilize citrate. According to their morphological properties, they were gram-negative rods, elongated in shape, which were located singly or in pairs in smears. When determining the sensitivity of the isolated strains to antibacterial drugs, we found that 26.3% of the isolated cultures were resistant to the most popular antimicrobial drugs in veterinary practice. The isolated E. coli cultures were most resistant to the penicillin group of antibacterial drugs (87.7%), the polymyxin group (83.9%) and macrolides (25.7%).

COMPARISON OF THE DYNAMICS OF MICROFLORA RESTORATION IN ROOMS FOR PIGS KEEPING AFTER DISINFECTION WITH “VULCAN MAX” AND “SVITECO PIP MULTI”

2025-03-17T10:16:26+02:00

The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of microflora recovery in pig housing facilities after disinfection with the «Sviteco PIP Multi» and «Vulcan Max» agents. It was found that the recovery of microorganisms occurred within the first 3 hours after their application. «Sviteco PIP Multi», which contains probiotics Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, provided a significantly higher level of microbial load at this study stage. On the floor of the premises, the total number of mesophyllic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAnM) was 7.07±0.11 log CFU/cm³ of washout, which exceeded the similar indicator for «Vulcan Max» by 3.9 times (p<0.001). However, the leading representatives of the isolated microflora were bacilli, the share of which reached 99.7% of the total MAFAnM. In the following periods of the study (6, 24, 48, and 72 hours), when using «Sviteco PIP Multi» a minimal increase in MAFAnM was noted (by 1.4–3.6%), while when using «Vulcan Max», this indicator increased significantly (p<0.05–p<0.001), reaching 47.8% after 6 hours and 79.1% after 24 hours. At the end of the production cycle, the total number of MAFAnM on the floor when using «Sviteco PIP Multi» was 4.5% lower than after using «Vulcan Max» (6.57±0.12 versus 6.88±0.05 log CFU/cm³ of washout), while bacilli were 47.1 and 29.7%, respectively. The trends in restoring microflora were similar on intercellular partitions and walls of premises. Three hours after disinfection, the number of MAFAnM for «Sviteco PIP Multi» was 6.68±0.13 log CFU/cm³ of washout on partitions and 6.69±0.05 log CFU/cm³ of washout on walls, which significantly (p<0.001) exceeded the indicators of «Vulcan Max». The number of bacilli was also higher when using «Sviteco PIP Multi» and was 98.9–99.4% versus 42.8–92.1% for «Vulcan Max». On feeders after disinfection with "Sviteco PIP Multi," the total number of MAFAM after 3 hours was 6.52±0.04 log CFU/cm³, which was 4.7 times (p<0.001) higher than the indicator of "Vulcan Max." Over the next 72 hours, the number of MAFAM increased by 3.9 times (p<0.001) with "Vulcan Max," while when using "Sviteco PIP Multi," it remained stable or slightly decreased. The results obtained indicate the antagonistic activity of the "Sviteco PIP Multi" product against nonspore- forming microorganisms, which occurs due to the simultaneous contact of probiotic bacilli spores with the disinfectant on the surface, their rapid colonization of the ecological niches released by the action of the disinfectant, and the creation of competitive conditions for the development of other microflora.

PREVALENCE OF RABBIT EIMERIOSIS ASSOCIATIONS IN THE TERRITORIES OF SUMY REGION, VETERINARY-SANITARY AND PATHOMORPHOLOGY ASSESSMENT

2025-03-17T10:16:24+02:00

A clinical and epizootological examination was carried out, followed by a patho-anatomical autopsy of the corpses of rabbits under the age of one year from the homesteads of Romena, Okhtyr and Sumy communities, Sumy region, in order to determine the most common infectious pathologies of rabbits with their patho-anatomical reflection in the above-mentioned region, in order to study the most typical patho-anatomical signs that can be defined as "markers" in the future to establish a preliminary diagnosis. An autopsy was performed on fifty-one rabbit corpses with such pathologies as eimeriosis, myxomatosis, viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits, as well as in their association. The dominant position of eimeriosis of rabbits among the rest of the specified pathologies was established during diagnostic examinations. Pathological-anatomical studies were carried out by means of a partial pathological-anatomical autopsy with an emphasis on the organs and their systems that are maximally involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Through comprehensive research, it was established that eimeriosis, myxomatosis, and viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits account for about ninety-nine percent of the cases of diagnosed deaths among rabbits of infectious and parasitic etiology. The following were subject to post-mortem veterinary and sanitary inspection: carcass, head and internal organs (lungs, heart, liver, intestines, spleen). Before the introduced patho-anatomical studies, a thorough analysis of the epizootic situation, clinical signs and anamnesis of the rabbits of the examined rabbit farms was carried out. Conversations with animal owners were necessarily held regarding their use of preventive and curative measures on their own rabbit farms. Particular attention was paid to the use of vaccines against myxomatosis and viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits, its storage and use in accordance with the instructions. No less important was the analysis of chemoprophylactic and therapeutic agents for eimeriosis in rabbits and their rotation, under which conditions it was carried out (forced or planned). It was established that there were rare cases of death of rabbits from eimeriosis, despite the use of coccidiostats, as well as from myxomatosis and viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits after the use of vaccines according to the instructions, which prompts us to think about the need to improve measures to combat the above-mentioned diseases. The pathoanatomical studies conducted by us showed the importance and high efficiency of this diagnosis for the rapid establishment of a preliminary diagnosis and, based on it, the implementation of forced measures to eliminate outbreaks of the specified diseases. Our research has established that the speed of decision-making in the fight against eimeriosis, myxomatosis and viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits directly affects the amount of losses incurred from these diseases during an outbreak. It was diagnosed that when rabbits are caged in homesteads, eimeriosis is registered as a monoinvasion in 66.0% of rabbits, a mixed eimeriosis-myxomatous association – in 22.0%, an association of eimeriosis-viral hemorrhagic disease in 11.0%, as a monoinvasion manifests catarrhally – hemorrhagic menteritis, conjunctivitis and edema of the subcutaneous tissue are added in the eimeriosis-myxomatosis association, and the eimeriosis-viral hemorrhagic disease association – the dominant addition is hemorrhagic pneumonia and hemorrhagic tracheitis. After conducting a veterinary and sanitary inspection of slaughter products for Eimeria infestation, the affected organs: the small and large intestines and the liver were destroyed, and the carcass was boiled. Other slaughter products were without pathological changes. In order to further determine the effect on the incidence of rabbits against the background of mixed invasive and infectious diseases of rabbits, it is necessary to conduct a study on the correlation of the manifestation of these diseases with the use of preventive vaccinations and treatments against Eimeria.

DETERMINATION OF INDICATORS OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF THE DRUG BY CARDISTIM

2025-03-17T10:16:21+02:00

Dogs, as companion animals, occupy a large part in the lives of many families. Owners pay great attention to the health of their animals, so they regularly visit veterinary clinics. One of the common groups of diseases is diseases accompanied by pathologies of the cardiovascular system, including myxomatous lesions of the mitral valve. For the treatment of dogs with such pathologies, it is necessary to develop effective treatment protocols that should include drugs that stimulate the work of the cardiovascular system. Such drugs include dosage forms based on pimobendan. Pimobendan belongs to benzimidazole-pyridazinone derivatives, and is a non-sympathomimetic, non-glycoside inotropic substance that has pronounced vasodilator properties. The aim of our research was to calculate the parameters of acute toxicity of the drug Cardistim based on pimobendan. The study was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Sanitary Inspection, Microbiology, Hygiene and Pathological Anatomy of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in the Laboratory "Veterinary Pharmacy" of Sumy National Agrarian University. To determine the parameters of acute toxicity, intragastric administration of the drug Cardistim to white rats aged 2 months was used. Toxicity indicators were determined using the LD50 program, by the methods of G. Kerber (1931) and G. Pershin (1950). The median lethal dose of the drug Cardistim when calculated by a computer program was 6059.72 mg/kg. The result of the calculation by the method of G. Pershin, the acute toxicity of the drug Cardistim when administered intragastrically to rats was 5952.37 mg per kg of weight. The acute toxicity index of the drug Cardistim when administered intragastrically to white rats by the method of G. Kerber (1931) was 568.34 mg of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight. As a result of calculations, it was found that the arithmetic mean toxicity index of Cardistim was 5906.81 mg/kg of weight. It was found that the drug Cardistim when administered into the stomach of white rats belongs to the fourth hazard class (low-toxic substances).

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF COMMON PIKE ESOX LUCIUS

2025-03-17T10:16:18+02:00

With further investigation of the physiology and anatomy of the organs of pike and bony fish in general, special attention is paid to the life pattern of these fish. Esox Lucius pike is primarily a fish that lives in fresh water bodies of Ukraine. There belongs to the kingdom of creatures, the chordov type, the pike-like series, the homeland of the pike, the pike type, and the original pike species. Therefore, all the diversity of the development and physiology of the pike is primarily related to the interconnections of various processes that represent one of the main functions of the body This is fish pickling. Therefore, with the investigation of the etching organs and their functions, we looked at the detailed life of the fishing rod and their physiological function in the pike. The pike, like the pike, has a very large boat to accommodate a lot of pike, other fish, splitting and reshaping the living stern. Everything is explained by the method of creation and life of this type of fish. The statistics included the physiological and anatomical features of the visceral organ system of the pike, and the etching apparatus itself. The system of poisoning organs of the pike, similar to those of other creatures, looks like a tube with various swellings and begins with the oral cleft and ends with the anal opening. Vaughn is the longest-running system in the middle of the interior. Anatomically, the system of organs of poisoning is divided into the descending organs of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. Our research is aimed at studying the physiology and anatomy of the foregut of the pike, and the fishing rod itself. These organs are found in the second empty body of the pike as a whole. In general, the vernal sac is topographically expanded from the caudal end of the zebra plate to the anal opening. They are bordered dorsally by ridges, on the sides by ribs and visceral meatuses. The main body, or the whole transverse webbing, which is stretched along the level of the pectoral swimmers, divides the main part into two parts. The anterior part is the cardiac bursa, where the heart is located, and the posterior part is the central caelum, which contains the empty visceral organs. The cauterus of the pike is usually lined with a parietal leaf of greenery, a brilliant white-blakyte color, which extends to the internal organs and is also called the visceral leaf. It opens the internal organs, fixes and trims them up to the body of the pike. The passage of the pike initially begins from the pharynx topographically at the level of the shoulder girdle of the pectoral swimmers and extends until it enters the vulture until the cardial opening of the vulture. The organ of pikes is small, like a tubular organ, and contains serous, pulpal and mucous membranes. The mucous membrane forms later folds, its white color is lined with rich spherical epithelium, there are no herbaceous veins and without clear boundaries it passes into the scutum. The pike has a large hook, it has the power to stretch out greatly and its shape lies on the surface, so it is not cut when it comes to the line. The shunt takes the shape of a modified expanded sac in the surface, like a tubular organ, and performs mechanical and chemical functions. In the upper part, it occupies the entire ventral part of the calves. Anatomically, the scutum has the inlet cardiac opening and the outgoing poloric opening, which forms the sphincter, in the form of the pelloric valve, and passes into the small intestine. The mucous membrane has folds, is lined with a single-spherical cylindrical epithelium, and contains sulcus grooves. Slag juice has an acidic middle and undergoes the first pickling phase.

INVASIVE PAPILLARY CARCINOMA OF THE MAMMA OF FELIS CATUS

2025-03-17T10:16:12+02:00

The most common type of breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma, which originates from the epithelial cells of the mammary ducts and subsequently infiltrates the surrounding breast tissue. If treatment is not started in a timely manner, invasive ductal carcinoma can metastasize to other organs and tissues (Wasserman J., 2023). Breast carcinomas in situ are malignant epithelial tumors that “do not have the property of spreading beyond the basement membrane into the connective tissue base of the breast” (Chocteau F. et al., 2019). According to WHO Breast 2019, the term insitu is used to refer to non-invasive histotypes of epithelial origin: tubular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) including the papillary subtype, and solid papillary subtype (CIS) (Sasano H. et al., 2020). This type of neoplastic lesions is often accompanied by multicentric growth in the ducts of the mammary glands. The cells lack the polarity and morphological structure characteristic of epithelial cells (Misdorp W. et al., 1999; Goldschmidt M. et al., 2011). The prognosis for recovery from breast carcinoma is poor due to the fact that the metastasis rate is from 50% to 90%, with the lungs, lymph nodes, liver and pleura being the most affected (Petrucci G. et al., 2021; Chocteau, F. et al., 2019). The life expectancy of this species of animals with malignant breast tumors depends on the degree of aggressiveness of the tumor, the chosen mastectomy method and other factors. The life expectancy with tumors up to 3 cm in diameter is from 3 to 54 months; more than 3 cm in diameter is 12 months (Viste, J. R. et al., 2002). According to other data, these figures are, respectively, 2 years; 6 months (Seixas F. et al., 2007). In accordance with the above, the management of patients with malignant breast tumors requires a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the disease, the state of the body in order to adjust the treatment regimen to control the course of the pathological process, extend the terms and improve the quality of life of the animal. Clinical study (clinical examination of animals, morphological and biochemical blood tests), chest radiography and abdominal ultrasound were performed in the conditions of veterinary medicine clinics in Odessa. Pathomorphological study of breast tumors was conducted on the basis of the research laboratory of the Department of Normal and Pathological Morphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Odessa State Agrarian University.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ТОКСИЧНОСТІ ВЕТЕРИНАРНОГО ЗАСОБУ «АСПІР-35»

2025-03-17T10:16:09+02:00

The impact of heat stress is a serious problem that causes economic losses for poultry farming. Heat stress has a detrimental effect on physiological responses, such as immunity, oxidative stress, intestinal and muscle functions. Heat stress affects feed intake, antioxidant system, mitochondrial function and heat shock protein expression; disrupts the free radical homeostasis of the body and reorganizes the use of protein, fat and energy; this subsequently affects the productivity, reproduction and health of animals. The aim of the work is to conduct a toxicological assessment of the veterinary drug "Aspire-35" produced by the NPF "Brovapharma" (Ukraine). The following methods were used in the work: statistical, physiological state studies, pathoanatomical, histological, hematological. The article presents the results of studying the toxicity of the veterinary drug "Aspire-35" on laboratory animals. The drug "Aspire-35" at a single oral administration in doses of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg of body weight did not cause death of experimental rats and mice. Based on the conducted studies, it can be concluded that the maximum dose of the drug "Aspire-35", which does not cause death of experimental rats and mice at a single oral administration (LD0) is greater than the dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight. On this basis, the drug "Aspire-35" can be attributed to the 4th hazard class according to the International Standard GOST 12.1.007-76, or to category 5 according to the International Global Harmonized System (GHS), since the LD50 of the drug "Aspire-35" at oral administration will exceed 5000 mg/kg of body weight. The drug "Aspire-35" at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg of body weight (twenty-five times the maximum therapeutic dose prescribed for the treatment of young cattle) when administered subcutaneously for 18 days did not cause any negative or harmful effects on the body of experimental rats, did not affect their growth and development, did not cause changes in the relative mass of internal organs and did not lead to changes in hematological indicators in experimental animals. When the animals were necropsied, no visible pathological changes were observed in the internal organs and tissues of rats. Also, no significant changes were recorded in the relative mass coefficients of the internal organs of rats to the body weight of rats at the end of the study. Further studies will be the next stage of pre-registration trials aimed at studying the toxicity of the drug "Aspire-35" upon repeated administration to birds (subacute toxicity upon oral administration), which is a mandatory material in the section "Safety and Residue Studies" of the dossier for this medicinal product.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA AND PYOMETRA IN BITCHES

2025-03-17T10:16:07+02:00

Restoring the reproductive capacity of animals has been and remains one of the most difficult tasks of veterinary specialists. The reproductive capacity of small animals, including dogs, requires careful study and development of new methods for its correction. In particular, this applies to the diagnosis of both inflammatory processes of the reproductive system (metritis, pyometra) and destructive changes (endometrial hyperplasia, cysts). The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the use of contrast-enhanced imaging technology for the diagnosis and prediction of vascularization in microvessels due to endometrial angiogenic effect in pyometra in bitches. The study was conducted on 15 infertile bitches of different breeds on the 15th–45th day after the end of estrus. Examination of the reproductive system of bitches was performed using ultrasound diagnostics in B mode (hyperplastic changes of the endometrium were diagnosed), Dopplerography (condition of vessels and their number) and contrast-enhanced imaging technology. The reproductive system organs of each animal were examined in 3 areas, taking into account the depth of the endometrium examination (1–2 cm), the number, location and size of endometrial cysts. Ultrasound examination revealed dilatation of the uterine horns, atypical growth and thickening of the endometrium and the formation of cysts up to 0.45 cm in diameter. Doppler examination revealed the growth of a large number of small vessels in the endometrium of the female uterus, but no changes in blood flow were detected. Contrastenhanced imaging technology revealed hyperplastic processes of the endometrium, which were characterized by more intense staining on the contrast image, which disappeared within the cystic lesion of the uterine mucosa of the female. The presence of large vascularized cysts and filling of the uterine lumen with exudate (in pyometra) were detected. Asymmetry of the uterine horns and their increase in volume (during ovariohysterectomy) were detected. Histological examination revealed increased endometrial thickness and signs of inflammatory reaction (presence of neutrophils, macrophages and plasma cells). Contrast-enhanced imaging technology can be successfully used to detect morphological changes in the tissues of the female reproductive system for the purpose of diagnosing destructive and inflammatory processes.

PRACTICE OF FORENSIC VETERINARY EXAMINATION OF INJURIES TO ANIMALS CAUSED BY SHARP OBJECTS

2025-03-17T10:16:04+02:00

The study examines the practice of forensic veterinary examination concerning injuries to animals caused by sharp objects. It demonstrates that injuries inflicted on animals by sharp instruments are the subject of forensic veterinary analysis aimed at resolving identification (determining whether fragments of a sharp object belong to a single whole), diagnostic (determining the nature and localization of injuries, the sequence of their infliction, whether they occurred during life or postmortem, and causal relationships), and situational (the mechanism of injury formation, and the feasibility of their occurrence under established conditions and circumstances) tasks. Data from expert practice indicate that injuries caused by sharp objects include scratches, cuts, wounds, fractures, dismemberment, dissection, chops, slashes, grooves, and carvings. It is argued that the morphological characteristics of injuries caused by sharp objects are determined by the mechanism of action of specific parts of the injurious tool, its shape, size, mass, degree of sharpness, the force of interaction with the animal’s body, the direction of movement, the path length within the body, the localization of the injury, the morphological features of the affected tissues, and the hardness of the underlying tissues. The focus is placed on the fact that the objects of forensic veterinary examination in cases of injuries caused by sharp tools include the bodies of animals and live animals, regardless of ownership (private, state, or communal), living conditions (in captivity or natural habitats), productivity (productive or unproductive), housing (domestic, farm, wild, zoo, stray, etc.), purpose of use (entertainment, performance, cinematographic, sports, or special events, experimental purposes), age (young, mature, or old), and gender (male or female). It is shown that forensic veterinary experts specializing in expertise under specialty 18.1 “Veterinary Research” are the authorized subjects for conducting examinations of live animals to evaluate injuries caused by sharp tools. The practical significance of the work lies in substantiating the purpose of forensic veterinary studies of animals injured by sharp objects: determining the nature of the injury, its localization, shape, dimensions (diameter), direction of the longest dimension on the body surface relative to the anatomical axis, the features of wound edges, ends, gaping, wound canal, wound base, grouping of wounds or lack thereof, damage to deep tissues or organs in the wound projection, and detecting foreign inclusions. It also includes assessing the severity of harm caused to the animal’s health, the nature of the mutilation due to the injury, and resolving other expert tasks within the competence of the forensic veterinary expert or upon request from the appointing authority or engagement of a forensic expert.