Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine

EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY AND QUALITY OF POULTRY CARCASSES FOR CONTAMINATION BY CAMPYLOBACTER SPP.

Sergii Mykhailovych Kasianenko — 2024-10-02

Effective poultry meat quality control is based on forecasting, identification of dangerous factors and risk management. The article presents experimental studies indicators of safety and quality of poultry meat due to contamination Campylobacter spp. The level has been studied bacterial insemination of meat. Defined microbiological indicators of the safety of poultry meat of different conditions: boneless pieces, pieces with bones and mechanical deboning. Low-quality and dangerous products were identified according to microbiological indicators, which accounted for 27.45% of the total number of samples examined. The dominant number of positive results of microbiological studies of product samples according to the indicators of KMAFAnM and bacterias of the E. coli group were registered when selling mechanically deboned meat in a chilled state. In the vast majority of cases, bacteria were isolated from poultry carcasses in association. During the investigation of the quality of poultry meat, 27.45% of samples of low-quality and dangerous products according to microbiological indicators were found. Based on the results of identification of 29 isolates family Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella – 31.0%, E.coli – 20.7%, Listeria – 20.7%,P. aeruginosa– 13.8%, C. jejuni and C. coli – 13.8% and 6.9%, respectively, P. vulgaris – 81 (96.4%). The isolates had a high and medium degree of pathogenicity: Salmonella – 22.2%, E.coli – 33.6%, Listeria – 66.6%, C. jejuni – 100%. Meat samples were studied had signs of poor quality according to organoleptic indicators. The surface of carcasses is wet, yellowish-gray in color; subcutaneous and internal adipose tissue is pale yellow; the serous membrane of the thoraco-abdominal cavity is wet, hemorrhages were recorded on the serous covers; skeletal muscles are pale, the cut surface is dry, the pattern is unclear, there are small hemorrhages in the thickness of the muscles. The muscles are flabby, the dimple that forms when pressed with a finger slowly flattens out, the smell of the muscles is specific. Contaminated meats by Camylobacter spp. had unsatisfactory quality indicators: tasting evaluation of meat products and broth has a satisfactory degree of quality of the evaluated indicators: 3.0±0.2 – 3.8±0.1 and 2.5±0.3–3.5 ±0.3 points, degree of quality estimated indicators, respectively; pH 6.9 – 7.0, reactions to ammonia and ammonium salts with Nessler's reagent and peroxidase – negative, the peroxide value of fat is 0.007 ± 0.002% of iodine.

PREVENTION OF KETOSIS IN COWS AFTER CALVING ON THE ANALYSIS OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

V. A. Hrek — 2024-10-02

Hyperketonemia is a worldwide problem in high-yielding cows. This is the most important metabolic disease in dairy cows in Ukraine and other countries, which is a typical disease for production. In cows, ketosis most often develops in the first two months of lactation. The paper presents the results of the study of cows after calving with signs of ketosis. The purpose of the study was to examine post-calving dairy cows with a high risk of ketosis and to develop a prevention strategy. In total, 40 Holstein cows after calving were involved in the study. The animals calved in January 2024 and were milked normally during the transition period. The animals were fed the same general mixed rations, which included concentrates, soybean meal, corn silage, alfalfa hay, timothy hay, enzyme, mineral and vitamin supplements. Milked twice a day in the morning and in the evening. Blood sampling was performed once every 3 days (8 times after 21 days from calving) in the postpartum transition period. The daily survival rate in animals of the experimental group was higher on the 7th–9th day by 9.42%; 10–12 days 9.02%; on the 13th–15th day – 6.35%; on the 16th–18th day – 10.38%; on 19–21 days –15.27%. The frequency of ketosis in the experimental group had a maximum indicator on the ninth day of research. The average volume of erythrocytes was greater in the group of cows with ketosis by 9.73%. The number of reticulocytes in the experimental group of animals was higher by 53.75%. The number of neutrophils was lower in patients with subclinical ketosis of cows by 15.07%, lymphocytes by 21.53%; monocytes – by 29.54%, eosinophils – by 47.82% and basophils – by 40.0%, compared to the control. Signs of ketosis are characterized by an increase in β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, total bilirubin, non-esterified fatty acids and globulins. At the same time, the content of triglycerides and cholesterol decreased in the diseased animals, compared to the control ones. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was lower in sick animals by 10.95%, lactate dehydrogenase by 10.05%, amylase by 23.79%, lipase by 15.64%, compared to the control group.

ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF POULTRY

O. I. Kasianenko — 2024-10-02

The article presents the results of an analytical study of materials on the features of control of infectious diseases of poultry based on alternative strategies. The poultry sector plays an important role in the agribusiness of various countries of the world, not only as a supplier of meat, but also as an economically profitable segment of the economy. Data published in scientific articles and data presented in the reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the European Food Safety Authority (ESFA) are presented. Modern poultry farming shows increases in the gross production of meat and egg products in many countries of the world. Success is ensured by a comprehensive approach including all aspects of poultry production and welfare (formulation of feeding rations, commercial breeding programs, control of poultry diseases) under different rearing systems. Bacterial infections cause significant damage to commercial poultry farming, which is associated with the restriction of the use of antibacterial drugs in most countries of the world. Monitoring results of pathogens of poultry infectious diseases and effective measures to control poultry bacteriosis in different countries of the world are presented. The most common bacterial and viral pathogens registered in most countries of the world are presented in the materials of the article. The main symptoms that occur in these diseases are also given. The data indicate the growing role of opportunistic microorganisms in the etiology of acute gastrointestinal diseases of poultry, which cause significant economic damage to the industry. Special attention is paid to diseases whose causative agent is common to poultry and humans, since poultry products contaminated with pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms are a potential source of infections, toxic infections and toxicosis in humans. The interest in bacterioses is explained by the excessively wide geographical spread of the infection, the tendency to stationarity and the intensity of the circulation of pathogens among poultry and humans. The relationship between epizootic and epidemiological processes makes these diseases relevant zoonoses (E.coli, S. Typhimurium, Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, C. jejuni, M. gallisepticum). The complexity of diagnostics and control measures is noted. The main ways of their transmission of pathogens between production sites in production conditions were also analyzed. Alternative strategies for controlling bacterial infections in poultry are also presented.

POSTODIPLOSTOMOSIS OF FISH ON SUMY REGION

R. V. Petrov — 2024-10-02

Fishing and aquaculture production in Sumy Oblast has great prospects. Fish diseases reduce the marketability, quality and nutritional properties of fish and fish products, lead to large economic losses, and reduce the competitiveness of farms. A separate group of pathogens (zoonoses) can cause diseases common to humans and fish. Experimental research was conducted during 2022-24 at the Department of Virology, Pathanatomy and Poultry Diseases of Sumy National Agrarian University, fish farms and rivers of Sumy Region. As a result of the analysis of research carried out during the fishing of fish from the rivers of Sumy Oblast, cases were established when fish with signs of postodiplostomosis were caught. The average extensiveness of the invasion was 13.68%. The highest indicators of the intensity of invasion were noted in the red-winged tern, they ranged from 3 to 12 examples. At the same time, the minimum indicators of the intensity of invasion were found in bream (II – 1-3 examples). Research conducted in pond farms allowed to establish the regularity that post-dyplostomosis was detected in farms that do not use water drainage and lithiation of ponds. These measures fully ensure the prevention of fish postodiplostomosis. Research conducted at the "Bzhola" farm of the Sumy district allowed to establish the influence of the causative agent of postodiplostomosis on the growth pattern of fish and its fatness. At the same time, we compared Fulton's indicators of fatness of carp affected by the causative agent of postodiplostomosis and unaffected carp. The analysis of the data presented in the table indicates a probable (Р≤0.05) negative effect of the causative agent of postodiplostomosis on body length and fatness of fish. The causative agent of postodiplostomosis in the process of interaction with its fish host reduced growth, fatness and weight, compared to similar unaffected analogue fish in the same water body under the same rearing conditions. At the next stage of research, a veterinary and sanitary evaluation of the fish was carried out according to organoleptic and biochemical indicators. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that fish with signs of post-odiplostomosis meet the requirements of good-quality fish according to the main indicators, but have worse marketable properties, as there are black spots on the surface and fins. Also, during biochemical studies, it was determined that the affected fish has an increased level of acidity, moisture, and the indicator in the reaction with Nessler's reagent, compared to unaffected fish, but these values are within acceptable limits and the fish can be sent to public catering establishments, where it will be processed according to enhanced thermal regime.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANS OF THE FORECAST OF PIGS

L. V. Plyuta — 2024-10-02

Pigs are used in state, collective, private enterprises, farms to obtain meat, lard, skin from these animals and meet human requirements. The digestive organs of the foregut of pigs include the esophagus and stomach, which belong to organs of a tubular structure. The conducted studies of morphometry, the outline of the organs of the foregut of pigs in the article once again clearly defined these components. Emphasis was placed on specific anatomical species features of pigs in the structure of the esophagus and stomach. The esophagus of the pig begins with a narrowing from the pharynx at the level of the first rings of the trachea, passes dorsally along the trachea in the ventral part of the neck, forms an esophageal depression on the lungs in the chest cavity. Through the opening of the diaphragm, the esophagus enters the abdominal cavity, expands in the form of a watering can and passes into the stomach of the pig through the cardiac opening. A clear anatomical definition of the parts of the esophagus was determined, their topographical location in pigs of this breed, and the layered structure of this tubular organ was investigated. A peculiarity of the mucous membrane of the esophagus of pigs is its folds, which can be seen on the preparation, a well-defined submucosal layer. The stomach of pigs is an extension of the digestive tube in the form of an elongated oval, single-chambered, with two openings. The cardiac opening is the entrance to the esophagus, and the pyloric opening is the exit of the chyme and the beginning of the duodenum. From the outside, the distance from one hole to another is called the greater and lesser curvatures. In pigs, a diverticulum with a tip directed to the right and caudally is clearly distinguished on the cardiac part from the entrance of the esophagus to the stomach. On the side of the pyloric opening, the circular muscle fibers in pigs form a clamp around the pyloric opening, and along a larger curve, a thickening is formed in the form of a half-oval cushion, or a roller, which is located in the pyloric part around the corresponding opening. The inner lining of the stomach of pigs is a gray membrane, which has all four of its components: the epithelial plate, the main, muscular and submucous base. On the drug, the mucous membrane has a different appearance in color and configuration due to its enzymatic activity and the location of the glands and its composition. A white glandless area is clearly visible from the cardiac edge. The entire mucous membrane of pigs has folds, pits, furrows of various shapes, which are clearly anatomically located. The epithelial plate is formed by a singlelayered prismatic glandular epithelium. The cells of this epithelium produce mucus that protects the mucosa from chemical and mechanical damage by food and gastric juice itself. The main plate is a loose connective tissue where there are blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands that produce gastric juice. The glands are located topographically along the glandular part of the stomach and have the appropriate name, cardiac, pyloric, bottom.

HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKENS USING PROBIOTICS

T. I. Fotina — 2024-10-02

The widespread use of antibiotics to stimulate growth and prevent bacterial infections in poultry has led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. In addition, drug residues in meat directly or indirectly threaten human health and environmental safety. Against the background of this problem, there was a need to develop a new method of stimulating the growth of poultry and increasing its resistance. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of different concentrations of the probiotic B. coagulans on the hematological parameters of broiler chickens. The research was conducted in the conditions of the vivarium of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Sumy National Agrarian University in October 2023. Broiler chickens (cross Cobb- 500) were chosen as the object of research, from which 4 research groups were formulated, and one control group of 25 heads each. Research methods were used in the work: hematological, biochemical, physiological and statistical methods of blood serum research. In the experimental groups, an increase in the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes was recorded in the first by 45.54-4.82%, in the second by 58.41-18.63%, in the third by 101.48-25.44% (*Р<0, 05). In the blood serum of experimental groups of chickens, the level of platelets in the first group decreased by 15.85%, in the second group by 21.54%, and in the third group by 34.14%. In the chickens of the third experimental group, the level of cholesterol decreased by 24.77%, triglycerides by 54.80% (*Р<0.05), urea by 34.13%, and creatinine by 21.69%. The content of total protein and globulin in the chickens of the third experimental group was probably higher by 56.27 and 70.99%, respectively (*Р<0.05), compared to the control groups. The activity of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was similar in the experimental and control groups, which proves the absence of toxic effects of the probiotic B. coagulans in different concentrations (1×105, CFU/g, 1×107, CFU/g, 1×109, CFU/g) on internal organs and tissues. The practical value of the study lies in the prevention of dysbacteriosis and immunodeficiency in broiler chickens. The perspective of further research in this direction is to determine the influence of B. coagulans on carcass properties and meat quality.