Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine

ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS POULTRY DISEASES

Oksana Ivanivna Kasianenko — 2024-06-19

The article presents the results of analytical work of data from scientific publications, reports of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the European Food Safety Authority (ESFA) regarding the effectiveness of alternative methods of prevention of infectious poultry diseases. One of the biggest current problems in the world is the acquired resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs, which in turn causes significant economic losses due to the low effectiveness of therapeutic measures. In connection with the general tendency to abandon the use of antibiotics, the use of new methods of controlling poultry bacteriosis is becoming more and more relevant. The search for an alternative to antibiotics activates the use of effective, natural, safe and cost-effective means of protecting the macroorganism from pathogens. The use of ecologically safe preparations is carried out according to the criteria of effective protection of the poultry organism from pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens, the naturalness and safety of the preparation, obtaining ecologically safe livestock products free from residues of toxic substances, antibacterial preparations and the economic efficiency of the measures taken. Alternative methods of prevention of infectious diseases of poultry are implemented on the basis of the use of environmentally safe drugs (probiotics, prebiotics, eubiotics). Probiotic cultures of microorganisms exhibit antagonistic properties relative to certain strains of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, capable of producing substances that stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms, improve feed conversion and increase performance indicators. Prebiotics create conditions for the reproduction of beneficial intestinal microorganisms and adsorb pathogens of the intestinal microbiome. The use of enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and phytobiotics in the process of growing poultry has shown positive results due to increasing their productivity and obtaining high-quality and safe poultry products. These drugs are effective means of prevention and treatment of diseases of infectious etiology through stimulation of nonspecific immunity, correction of dysbacteriosis during stress, and also as an alternative to antibiotics.

INFLUENCE OF LIPID METABOLISM ON THE QUALITY OF CATTLE MILK

A. S. Genzhalo — 2024-06-19

The profitability of dairy farming in enterprises of the Sumy region is always an urgent issue, because not only the quantity of milk produced, but also its quality directly affects the profitability of farms. Enzymes in the animal's body play an important role in animal productivity and, accordingly, in the general metabolism of animals, so our task was to study the effect of changing the diet of cows (with the addition of rapeseed and soy) on the composition and quality of milk, including the profile of fatty acids in the milk of the Ukrainian black-and-white cattle breed. Milk contains milk balls with a diameter of up to 4-5 mm that are formed from milk fat, in particular fatty acids with a fairly dense membrane. And this is very important in terms of protection against damage to their membrane by enzymes, especially lipase. Otherwise, when damaged, milk fat is hydrolyzed with the release of a large amount of free fatty acids. And this, in turn, leads to lipolysis, which can be caused by a violation of lipid metabolism in dairy cows, destruction of milk fat by lipase by milk enzymes. In addition, lipolysis of milk fat can be a consequence of bacterial contamination of milk and the development of microorganisms. In addition, the increase in the volume of fatty acids can occur due to the obvious mechanical deformation of fat deposits during milking. Fatty acids for the synthesis of fat in milk can be of several types: 1. Long-chain fatty acids (more than 16 carbon atoms per molecule) – are produced from the absorption of fatty acids and dietary fats that enter the blood from the gastrointestinal tract, and non-esterified fatty acids (NFA) from the body's fat reserves. 2. Short-chain (containing up to 8 carbon atoms) fatty acids. 3. Medium-chain (from 10 to 14 carbon atoms) fatty acids – are formed in the mammary gland by "de novo" synthesis (that is, they are created "newly" in the mammary gland from smaller molecules). The increased ratio between the amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat has a negative effect on its industrial value, since there is a positive relationship between the consumption of saturated fatty acids and various diseases and elevated cholesterol levels in humans. A high consumption of palmitic, myristic and lauric acids can be particularly dangerous due to their effect on high cholesterol and LDL concentrations in the blood, and conversely, the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids has the opposite positive effect. Body fat significantly affects the composition of fatty acids in animal milk. After all, the body of a cow synthesizes lactic fatty acids from various substances, a part of which enters the body with feed and is excreted together with milk. It is also affected by the breakdown products of the rumen of cows. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids depends entirely on the microflora of the rumen. The main source of fatty acids in milk can also be bacteria that die during digestion. Animals of the same condition were selected for the experimental group. The composition of milk fatty acids was determined. Animals fed canola seed compared to animals fed soybean seed showed a higher fat percentage of 4.1%, body condition score and milk urea nitrogen showed a significant difference between the two groups. The amount of a number of fatty acids in the animals fed the two different diets was different, and their amount varied significantly. Because canola seed contains more fat and protein than soybeans, it can compete as a substitute for soybeans in the diet of dairy cows. In addition, rapeseed with a nutritional effect on the composition of milk fatty acids can be used to improve the quality of milk.

PATHOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF TURKEYS

H. A. Zon — 2024-06-19

The work is devoted to the current problem of industrial turkey farming, One of the aspects of the pathology of the cardiovascular system ̶ ruptures of arterial vessels (laterism) in heavy cross turkeys in the final fattening period. The literature review presents the study of this issue in the global practice of industrial turkey farming. The most established etiological factors that cause this pathology in turkeys and instructions for the prevention of the disease are described. The aim of the work was to conduct a pathological and pathomorphological evaluation of problem areas of turkeys regarding the occurrence of laterism under the conditions of a balanced diet and feeding of copper chelates, aimed at improving the morphological state of the birds' vessels. 67 cadavers of male turkeys older than 13 weeks of the Converter cross that died of sudden death due to vascular ruptures were subjected to pathological examination. The general condition of the bird on the day of death, age, sex, pathological (primary and concurrent) factors that led to death, location of vascular rupture were evaluated. Pathological material was selected for pathohistological studies. Poultry diet was assessed for balance in nutritional ingredients, vitamins, macro-microelements according to age, sex, breed and fattening period. As a result of the research, it was established that despite the use of copper chelating compounds, cases of sudden death due to laterism are registered in male turkeys older than 13 weeks. The most common occurrence of laterism are the cranial renal (a.renalis cranialis) and caudal mesenteric (a. mesenterica caudalis) arteries from the thoraco-abdominal aorta. Lesions of the coronary arteries, capable of causing hemorrhages, were not detected in any of the examined corpses of Converter cross turkeys. Among the pathologies secondary to laterism, we detected localized or diffuse degenerative changes in the myocardium, as well as stagnantion processes were in individual systemic circulation vessels within in the liver and lungs. Stagnant hyperemia in the vessels of the venous system led to degenerative and inflammatory lesions within their membranes, resulting in effusion into the surrounding vascular space, damage to the endothelium, swelling of the elastic and collagen fibers in the median membrane with macrophagic proliferation.

INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON CARBOHYDRATE – LIPID METABOLISM IN THE BODY OF COWS DURING A PERIOD OF DROUGHT

M. D. Kambur — 2024-06-19

The conducted research made it possible to establish that the body weight of cows is accompanied by an active level of lipid metabolism. The total amount of lipids in the blood of animals was 1.12 times, 1.18 –1.22 times more in experimental animals. Triacylglyerides in the blood of experimental and control animals fluctuated slightly. Deposited energy was used less in the diets of cows with biologically active substances. NEVH in the blood of the cows of the experimental groups was 1.06, 1.20, and 1.21 times less than that of the control animals. The introduction of BAV into the diet of cows during the dry season had a positive effect on fat metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism also underwent significant changes under supplementation conditions. The content of glucose in the blood of the cows of the experimental groups decreased by 1.03, 1.09 and 1.12 times (p<0.05). Fluctuation of lactate content (end of last menstrual period) in experimental cows was insignificant – 1.28-1.32%. The pyruvate content in the cows of the experimental groups indicates an increase in the efficiency of the use of polysaccharides. Its content decreased by 1.04 – 1.07 times in experimental animals, 3 and 4 groups. The energy pool of experimental cows underwent changes before the end of calving. Breathing in experimental cows was 3.57%, 5.36%, 5.36% more. In control animals, the respiratory volume of the lungs was 1.09, 1.12 times (p<0.01), and 1.22 times (p<0.01), less than that of experimental cows. This state of affairs is associated with a high level of metabolic processes in relation to lipids. It is important that lung surfactant is synthesized from fatty acids, increases the functional activity of the lungs and ensures a high level of lung ventilation. Aeration is primarily provided by breathing volume. In experimental animals, the respiratory volume of the lungs is 1.13, 1.18 (p<0.05) and 1.28 times (p<0.01) more than in control cows, which, in our opinion, affects formation of the surfactant system of the lungs. The probably larger respiratory volume of the lungs in the experimental cows increased the oxygen consumption, 1.072, by 1.13 and 1.18 times, and reduced the energy expenditure in these animals by 1.12, 1.13 and 1.17 times (p<0.05). Activation of lipid-carbohydrate metabolism in the body of cows with biologically active additives affects the supply of the fetus with building and energy material and contributes to the formation of functionally active calves. The pool of lipids in the blood of newborn calves obtained from the cows of the experimental groups is 1.03, 1.09 times higher than that of the control calves. In the calves of the experimental groups, the content of NEHK in the blood was 1.06, 1.09, and 1.08 times less. β-lipoproteins in the blood of control calves were 1.15 times, 1.18 times and 1.22 times less (p<0.05) than experimental animals.

DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY THE VETERINARY PREPARATION "WORMICIL PASTE" FOR HELMINTH INVASION IN CARNIVORS

O. I. Kasianenko — 2024-06-19

Clinical trials of the veterinary drug "WORMIKIL paste" manufactured by "Ukrzoovetprompostach" LLC, str. Kavkazka, 1, p. Plakhtyanka, Buchansky district, Kyiv region, Ukraine, for the treatment of carnivores, for infestations caused by Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Passalurus ambiguus, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Paraspidodera uncinata, Trichosomoides crassicauda, Strongyloides. ratti, Dipylidium caninum, Taenia esp. The helminthicidal effect of the veterinary drug "WORMIKIL paste" in the manufacturer's recommended doses, multiplicity and method of application was studied. Experimental studies have proven a wide range of anthelmintic action of the drug "WORMIKIL paste" in case of nematodes and cestodes infestation of carnivorous animals. Before the deworming, a clinical examination and individual weighing of the animals of the experimental group were carried out, the amount of the drug "WORMIKIL paste" was calculated for each animal. Deworming was carried out before morning feeding by administering the drug "WORMIKIL paste" orally, in a dose of 1 ml (dogs, cats) and 0.5 ml (rabbits, rats) per 1 kg of the animal's body weight. After three days, according to the instructions on the leaflet, deworming was repeated for therapeutic purposes. After using the veterinary drug "WORMIKIL paste", according to the manufacturer's recommendations, the extent and intensity of the drug was determined on the seventh and fourteenth day after deworming. Clinical studies have shown that the veterinary drug "WORMIKIL paste" has shown high effectiveness against helminthic infestation in dogs, cats, rabbits and rats, the causative agents of which are Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Passalurus ambiguus, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, Paraspidodera uncinata, Trichosomoides crassicauda, Strongyloides ratti, Dipylidium caninum, Taeniae spp. The drug did not cause adverse reactions and toxic effects on the animal body, the extensivity and intensity of the drug "WORMICIL paste" against nematodes and cestodes of carnivorous animals fourteen days after application was 100%. The veterinary drug "WORMIKIL paste" is recommended for use in the practice of veterinary medicine.

TRANS FATS: SOURCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH

V. A. Kotelevich — 2024-06-19

The purpose of the review was to analyze current global trends in controlling food products for the presence of trans fats and to determine their impact on public health for consumer protection. Recently (2023), WHO assessed the risk of TFA and noted that their excessive consumption (> 1% of total energy intake) caused more than 500,000 deaths from coronary artery disease (CHD) and increased the risk of heart disease by 21%, mortality by 28% in worldwide annually. According to doctors, palm oil, in which compounds with carcinogenic effects (trans-fats) harmful to public health arise in the process of refining, purification and fractionation at temperatures of 2000 C and above, has been widely used recently and systemically reduces the level of useful high cholesterol density in the blood and increases the level of low-density cholesterol. The latter, in the form of low-density lipoproteins, settles on the walls of arterioles and leads to angina, heart failure, and coronary heart disease, heart attack and stroke. Studies have proven a direct connection that they can cause oncological diseases (breast and rectal cancer), diabetes, obesity, fatty liver dystrophy, atherosclerosis, infertility, shortened pregnancy, allergies, disorders of the nervous system and vision in babies, weakened immunity, reduced work capacity and provoke Alzheimer’s disease, male fertility. One of the priority goals of the WHO in solving the issue of control and prevention of non-infectious diseases is the exclusion of industrially produced TFA from food products. Solving this issue at the state level requires a ban on the presence of trans fats in food products, and the processed food industry must use alternative sources of fat with zero fat content, because it is not only about their danger, but also about the health of the nation. The leading role in consumer protection is played by the State Production and Consumer Service, which must establish a clear control system for TLC in finished products and ensure that they are not allowed to be sold. For effective monitoring and control of the content of trans fats in food products, it is necessary to strengthen the capabilities of the laboratory network, to carry out information work on healthy nutrition among the population.

PARTICULARITIES OF THE ANATOMICAL BODY OF CRUCIAN CARP

L. V. Plyuta — 2024-06-19

The fish reach the kingdom of creatures, aquatic ridge creatures, a number of bark-like creatures, the birthplace of the bark, the species of crucian carp is extraordinary. The skeleton of fish consists of the axial skeleton of the body, the skeleton of the organs of the swimmers (skeleton of the swimmers), and the skull. The axial skeleton of the crucian carp bears two species: a tulub and a caudal one. Its basis is made up of a spinal column consisting of ridges that are connected to each other, and in the tubular section there are ribs that are spread out on the sides and protect the internal organs of the fish. As a result of our investigations, the specificity of the body shape of the common crucian carp was established. In this case, a complex of standard morphological research methods was put in place. Comprehensive classical morphological and anatomical methods of experimental investigation were used, which included: external examination of the object under investigation, dissection of organs, their outline (color, consistency, shape), identified topography The details of the description of the organism along its contours were photographed, which in the end The bag made it possible to carry out a detailed macroscopic investigation of the somatic system in crucian carp. The body of the crucian carp is usually bilaterally symmetrical and for the description of other organs we have a vicoristic trimeric vimir, then there are three planes. The body of the crucian carp has a flattened head section, a back with a slight ridge, a flattened ventral part of the body and a flattened tail. The color of crucian carp ranges from silver-yellow to bronze depending on the genus. The color is darker in the dorsal part and lower in the ventral part. The crucian carp has its head, body and tail. At the head of the crucian carp, the mouth, nose openings, and eyes are opened. The body and tail of the crucian carp are covered with a brush, which tightly fits one to the other, and ventrally behind the head section a larger plate is formed from the fish from the pectoral swimmers lateromedially. On the body of crucian carp one can see a continuous skin fold along the medial line dorsally along the dorsum, and then it goes ventrally to the anal opening and creates unpaired swimmers. From the anal opening, the male swimmers are ventrally expanded. The main function of swimmers is to regulate the movement of the fish in the singing order and directly, maintaining the balance of the water. The swimmers of crucian carp are dorsal, caudal and anal, and gypsy are thoracic and ventral. On the back of the dorsal part there is an unpaired dorsal swimmer, a long, garneous apology and changes to the side of the tail, whose first exchanges are hard and the first may have serrations on the caudal edge. The tail swimmer looks like a wrapped trapezoid, has two blades, and the tail section ends with it. The paired pectoral swimmer extends caudally from the zebra openings on the sides, and behind it the ventral swimmers protrude ventrally and lie horizontally. The anal swimmer grows ventrally between the body and tail, changing the alignment. On the front of the head, caudally on the sides, a pair of zyabrova slit on the right and left is rotated. It is sculpted vertically and its lower end reaches just below the lip, and is shaped aborally between the body and head. It is covered by a yellow cap, which forms the bulging surface of the head.

XENOMONITORING STUDIES OF MOSQUITOES FOR DIAROFILARIOSIS

V. I. Poliukhovych — 2024-06-19

Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic vector-borne disease caused by nematodes Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. Due to climatic changes, the disease is actively spreading from endemic Southern European regions to the east and west of the continent, including Ukraine. The presence of filariae in an area can be monitored through xenomonitoring – the detection of parasites among blood-sucking arthropods. Research on the species composition of mosquitoes in the Khmelnytskyi and Vinnytsia regions revealed that dominant species include Aedes spp., Culex spp., and Anopheles spp. Comparing the diversity of species, abundance, and distribution of mosquitoes among suburban and urban areas, a 4.5 times higher concentration of mosquitoes was found in urban areas. Molecular screening revealed that mosquitoes of the Aedes spp. and Culex spp. species are potential vectors for transmitting D. repens and D. immitis, particularly in Ukraine. These findings indicate a risk of dirofilariasis infection in the Khmelnytskyi and Vinnytsia regions. Coinfections of D. repens and D. immitis were also found among mosquitoes, underscoring the importance of monitoring and preventive measures to prevent diseases among animals and humans. Given the periodic detection of D. immitis in dogs in Ukraine, it is important to focus on the spread of this parasite. Meanwhile, temperature conditions and geographical location play a crucial role in the distribution and spread of the disease. Studies have identified possible reservoirs of the disease. By monitoring mosquitoes, areas with a high risk of dirofilariasis infection can be promptly identified, and effective control and prevention measures can be implemented. This is particularly important in the context of climate change and the expansion of the range of potential vector mosquitoes, which may lead to the expansion of the disease's distribution areas. Thus, xenomonitoring of mosquitoes is a key element of dirofilariasis control strategies, ensuring effective monitoring and management of this vector-borne invasion.

РHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF THE ORGANISM UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOPLASMS

L. W. Polyah — 2024-06-19

This article presents data from the study of mammary gland neoplasms in 147 small animals. The study was conducted at the Diavet veterinary clinic in Kyiv. Neoplasms were diagnosed on the skin in 47 dogs and 24 cats, on the mammary gland in 38 cats and 17 dogs, in the oral cavity in 10 dogs and 11 cats. The results of the treatment of neoplasms of the skin, mammary glands and oral cavity in small animals show that the period after surgery is an important component of this process. Skin neoplasms were identified in 63.51% of dogs and 32.88% of cats, which is 1.93 times less. We diagnosed mammary gland neoplasms in 22.97% of dogs, and in cats this percentage was 2.27 times higher and amounted to 52.05%. The percentage of neoplasms in the oral cavity of animals of both groups the fluctuated within the limits from 13.52 to 15.07. We found the most significant percentage of neoplasms in dogs on the skin and their location is most often the wall of the abdominal cavity, lateral parts of the thoracic cavity, and the head region. The occurrence of neoplasms on the skin is influenced by the physical activity of animals. It is accompanied by frequent damage to the сommon integument body, while neoplasms continue to grow. Surgical removal of mammary gland and regional lymph node neoplasms in dogs and cats has a positive effect on the clinical blood count. In dogs and cats, the number of leukocytes stabilized on the 14th day after surgery. The number of leukocytes in the blood of dogs was lower by 2.50 times compared to preoperative values, and by 2.49 times in cats (p < 0.001). Thе content of lymphocytes in the blood of animals was significantly higher, by 1.09 (p < 0.05) – 3.35 times (p < 0.001), on day 14 of the study. The number of red blood cells on the 14th day of the study in the blood of dogs was 1.88 (p<0.01), and in cats 1.10 times less (p<0.05). In our opinion, such analysis of blood parameters on the 14th day after surgery indicates the stabilization of hemocytopoiesis in the body of animals. The content of total protein in the blood of animals on the 14th day after removal of tumors increased significantly, 1.20 times in cats and 1.08 times in dogs (p<0.05). The albumin content in the blood of animals after surgerywas 1.48 (p<0.01) to 1.16 times higher (p<0.05). The content of globulins in the blood of animals on the 14th day of the study was significantly higher. A decrease in ALT and glucose activity by 1.97-1.33 times and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity were found, indicating the restoration of liver function, which is very important in the process of establishing homeostasis.

PECULIARITIES OF TREATMENT OF MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS IN CATS AND DOGS (OVERVIEW INFORMATION)

V. V. Samoilіuk — 2024-06-19

An analysis of literature data related to methods of treatment of mammary gland tumors in dogs and cats was carried out. Despite numerous and many years of research, there is still a need to find effective methods of treatment of oncological pathology. A comprehensive review of current research in this field is important from the point of view of assessing prospects. Treatment is prescribed depending on the type of tumor and the stage of development of the oncological process. This treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, pain relief, and a combination of these methods. Most often, in both dogs and cats, surgical resection is used, the effectiveness of which is influenced by the age and size of the animal, the histological type and size of the tumor, as well as the time between its diagnosis and surgery. At this time, early detection and properly planned surgical intervention play an important role. There are many histological variants of breast tumors with diverse biological behavior. An important factor for increasing the effectiveness of the fight against oncological pathology is early diagnosis. Several classes of chemotherapy drugs are used as primary or adjunctive therapy. Chemotherapy can prolong survival or the period of remission, but is not a radical method. Early tumor detection and correct and timely treatment improves overall survival. Recently, some attention in the field of veterinary oncology began to be paid to targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In particular, interferons are used during various oncological diseases and their effectiveness is studied in clinical trials, including during mammary gland tumors in dogs and cats. Understanding the interaction of neoplasms and the body's immune system is necessary for the rational and effective development of immunotherapy methods for the oncological pathology of mammary gland tumors in dogs and cats.

APPLICATION OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENT FOR KETOSIS IN COWS

O. I. Sklyar — 2024-06-19

The problem of treating ketosis often arises after calving, especially in high-yielding cows. The paper presents the results of the therapeutic effect of samples of Bacillus subtilis AX 20, Bacillus licheniformis EA 22 strains for ketosis in cows. The aim of the study was to determine the therapeutic dose of a probiotic supplement for lactating cows The experiment was conducted on a farm where Holstein cows are kept. Cows suffering from ketosis in the research groups were fed concentrated feed with the addition of Bacillus subtilis АХ 20, Bacillus licheniformis EA 22 (1×109 CFU/g) at the rate of 15-35 g per animal. The duration of the study was thirty days. Administration of 15 g of probiotic to cows reduced the level of ketones by 125% on the fifth day, by 100% on the fifteenth day, and by 42.85% on the 30th day, compared to the control. With the addition of 25 g of probiotics, the level of ketones decreased by 125% on the fifth day, by 114.28% on the fifteenth day, and by 28.57% on the 30th day. In the experimental group of cows with the addition of 35 g, the content of β-ketones decreased by 125% on the fifth day, by 71.42% on the fifteenth, and by 30, similar to the control. The level of β-ketones in the blood of the control group of animals corresponded to the physiological norm (1.0 mmol/l). Studies have proven that on the 30th day of the study, the level of ketone bodies in all animals corresponded to the physiological norm. The use of probiotics in a dose of 35 g to cows contributed to the maximum increase in the number of Lactobacillus sp. by 64%, Bifidobacterium by 58%, compared to the control group. Also, the content of Escherichia coli – by 45%, Clostridium – by 27%, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus – by 75%, Candida – by 80% decreased significantly. As a result of the application of probiotics to cows at a dose of 15 g in the group, on the fifteenth day of the research, kMAFAnM decreased by 14.48%, CSK – by 26.55%. On the thirtieth day of the experiment, kMAFAnM decreased by 40.45%, CSK – by 45.59%, compared to the beginning of the research. In the milk of cows with the use of probiotics in a dose of 25 g, on the fifteenth day the amount of kMAFAnM decreased by 21.2% and CSC by – 58.2%, on the thirtieth day kMAFAnM decreased by 40.51%, CSC – by 62.48%, compared to before the beginning of the study.

MONITORING OF BEE DISEASES IN CHERNIHIV REGION

A. I. Fotin — 2024-06-19

The article presents the results of studying the impact of changes in weather conditions and climate on the viability of honey bees in the Chernihiv region. Climate change is an urgent issue because it can have serious consequences for apiary productivity and ecological balance. The purpose of the study is to study changes in honey bee populations, their physiological state and productivity due to climate change. The study showed that changes in climatic conditions affect the physiological state and productivity of honey bees. 18 apiaries were studied, in the active and inactive season of 2023, the development of mycosis diseases was diagnosed, calcareous brood (ascopherosis) was registered in 10 apiaries (55.55%), stone brood (aspergillosis) in 2 apiaries (11.11%) , and mixed fungal diseases were registered in 3 apiaries (16.66%), bacteriosis in 1 apiary (5.55%) and parasitosis in 2 apiaries (11.11%). The regional incidence of calcareous growth was noted in the south-eastern part of the Chernihiv region (66.66% of positive samples). The disease season of calcareous brood shows that more than 38.8% of cases occur at the end of the beekeeping season, and in the inactive months of the season (January – February) the incidence is minimal (11.11% of cases). This is explained by the dependence on the evolution of brood development in the hives and probably due to the protective effect of propolis, which the hives are lined with at the end of the active season, which has an antiseptic effect during the idle period (November, December, January and February). There is a slight increase in the number of cases in the spring months (March, April, May), when the bee brood develops (22.22%) and progressively increases in the summer (June, July, August). The presence of calcareous growth in 55.55% of cases, together with the main bacterial diseases, shows that the common element of disease-causing bacteria and fungal formations are in the deficiency of the immune system. Therefore, this work is an important contribution to the development of scientific knowledge about ecological interactions and contributes to further research in this field. The conclusions and recommendations presented in the work can be used for the practical implementation of strategies for the protection and support of honey bee populations in changed climatic conditions.

MONITORING OF ECTOPARASITES IN STRAY DOMESTIC CATS IN THE CITY OF CHERNIHIV

O.V. Fotin — 2024-06-19

Stray domestic cats (Felidae, Felis catus) potentially serve as hosts forsome life-threatening zoonotic pathogens, including ectoparasites such asfleas, ticks, and lice. These ectoparasites are capable of transmitting zoonotic diseases. Cats (Felis catus) were trapped in the summer of 2023 using cage traps baited with raw red meat in recreational parks in the city of Chernihiv. The collected cats were transferred to the laboratory, and ectoparasites were removed from the skin using forceps and combing for five minutes for each cat. Ectoparasites were preserved in 70% ethanol and later used for species identification using identification keys. Forty-one cats were collected from these surveyed areas. Among all trapped cats, 26 specimens (63.4%) were infected with 83 ectoparasites, with an average infection level of 3.19 per cat. Six species of arthropods were identified, including four species of fleas (89.2%), one species of lice (8.4%), and one species of ticks (2.4%). The four flea species included Ctenocephalides canis (39.8%), Ctenocephalides felis (18.1%), Xenopsylla nubica (16.9%), and Pulex irritans (14.5%). One species of lice was Trichodectes canis (8.4%), and one species of tick was identified as Hyalomma spp. (2.4%). Based on the obtained data, Ctenocephalides canis was the most prevalent ectoparasite species (39.8%). Fleas were the most common ectoparasites on Felis catus, with the highest prevalence observed for Ctenocephalides canis. Due to the large and increasing population of cats and the high risk of transmission of common diseases between humans and cats, as well as the high level of contact and interaction between humans and cats, we studied ectoparasites of cats caught in parks in the city of Chernihiv. Keywords: fleas, lice, ticks, zoonoses, stray cats, parks. The ticks belonged to the family Hyalomma spp. Previous studies clarified the northern border of the modern range of Hyalomma marginatum on the territory of Ukraine, which passes through the north of Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kirovohrad, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhіa, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Regular findings of H. marginatum in non-typical habitats play a role in the spread of pathogens dangerous to humans and animals to new territories, where the latter may pose a threat of widespread epidemics and epizootics. The findings emphasize the need for regular monitoring of homeless cats in urban societies where there is a risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens.

EVALUATION OF THE DISINFECTION EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SUHODEZ DISINFECTANT

T.I. Fotina — 2024-06-19

Disinfestation treatment is one of the key links along with the administration of anti-Eimeriosis drugs in the fight against poultry Eimeriosis. For the effective use of disinfectants against eimeria, their constant change and rotation by active substances is important in order to prevent the emergence of the phenomenon of resistance in eimeria. The article provides data on the development of means of combating poultry eimeriosis using the disinfectant Sukhodez. The disinfectant produced by the domestic research and production company «Brovafarma» contains chloramine, thymol, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, zeolite, kaolin, flavoring. During the experiments, the effectiveness of the indicated agent on Eimeria tenella oocysts was checked in concentrations from 0.5 to 3.0% for exposures from 10 minutes to 4 hours. For studies aimed at determining the effectiveness of the disinfectant on Eimeria tenella oocysts, material samples were taken from Rhode Island chickens aged 9-12 months from homesteads of residents of the Sumy district. Laboratory studies of poultry droppings using the Fülleborn method were used to establish a diagnosis of eimeriosis. To determine the indicator of disinfestation efficiency, 10-15 specimens of Eimeria tenella oocysts were placed in Petri dishes, Sukhodez solution of the appropriate concentration was added, and they served as the corresponding research groups. Petri dishes with the addition of the same amount of oocysts served as controls, but instead of the disinfectant solution, 5 cm3 of distilled water was added to them. When the exposure time was over, the cups with oocysts were washed five times and the samples for sporulation were transferred to a thermostat, where they were kept for five days at a temperature of 26°C, with daily monitoring of the moisture level. The use of a 2.5% concentration of Sukhodez provided a disinfestation effect after exposure for 60 minutes, in turn, a 3% concentration of the disinfectant caused a violation of the integrity of eimeria after exposure for 30 minutes, a similar effect was noted at a longer exposure, which indicates the effectiveness of the disinfectant Sukhodez. Accordingly, the disinfectant Sukhodez in the studied concentrations (2-3%) slows down and completely stops the development of Eimeria tenella oocysts and causes their further lysis and thus can be recommended for use in production.

STUDY OF THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF THE NEW DRUG AGAINST ECTOPARASITOSIS OF POND FISH

T. I. Fotina — 2024-06-19

The article provides calculations of the acute toxicity of a new drug for the treatment of pond fish from ectoparasites based on povidone iodine. Parasitic diseases occupy a large part in the structure of diseases of infectious etiology of pond fish and can be a potential danger for consumers of aquaculture products. The most frequently recorded diseases are caused by protozoa, monogenia, cestodes and crustaceans. The development of the latest means for the treatment of fish from ectoparasites is a priority task of veterinary medicine. Compounds based on iodine povidone have proven themselves well in various fields of agriculture and medicine as a powerful antimicrobial, antiviral, fungicidal, antiprotozoal, disinfectant. Therefore, the development of a product based on povidone iodine in fish farming is promising. An important factor in the creation of a new medicinal product is the study of acute toxicity, and in this case the studies were conducted on fish, as the drug is planned to be used in aquaculture. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Veterinary Expertise, Microbiology, Zoohygiene and Safety and Quality of Livestock Products of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Sumy National Agrarian University. Five dilutions were used to determine the LD50 dilution of the water extract. Povidone iodine was given in the amount of 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000 mg/kg. Drinking water was used for the experiment. The pH value of the water was 7.6. Individuals of carp with an average body weight of 42±3 g were used to determine the parameters of acute toxicity. The research was carried out on carp using the methods of Kerber, Pershin and the computer program "LD50". As a result of the research, the following results of the calculation of the average lethal dose were obtained: 6800 mg/ kg according to the Kerber method, 6916.8 mg/kg according to the Pershin method, and 6925.9 mg/kg using the "LD50" computer program. As a result of the calculation of the average indicator, an indicator of 6880.9 mg/kg was established. According to GOST 12.1.007-76, the drug based on GOST 12.1.007-76 belongs to the 4th group of toxicity (low-toxic substances), since the dose of the drug that causes the death of fish is more than 5000 mg/kg.

DETERMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF PROBIOTICS ON THE METABOLISM OF PIGLETS

O. I. Shkromada — 2024-06-19

Regulating the composition of intestinal microflora is one of the common practices used to prevent dysbacteriosis, increase productivity and growth of piglets. Probiotics improve gut health, promote nutrient absorption, and have an antioxidant effect. Experimental studies were conducted in the vivarium of the Sumy National Agrarian University. Eight sows were kept with suckling piglets, which received starter compound feed and experimental probiotic supplements. We determined the biochemical indicators of the blood of cows in cows and sows at the beginning and at the end of the study. It was established that probiotics contributed to an increase in the content of total protein and albumin in piglets of the first experimental group, which was probably higher by 14.39-16.74%, the second by 12.38-19.55%, the third by 13.40-30, 66% (р≤0.05), the fourth – by 5.08-30.26%, the fifth – by 5.37-23.41%, compared to the control. The content of globulins was higher in piglets of the first and second experimental groups by 12.56-7.07%, respectively. The content of urea and total cholesterol in the blood of piglets of the experimental and control groups was within the physiological norm. The glucose level in the first experimental group was higher by 21.84%, the second by 3.64%, the fourth by 26.05%, and the fifth by 18.21%. ALT enzyme activity was lower in the first experimental group by 23.27%, the second by 34.48%, the third by 40.51%, the fourth by 19.82%, the fifth by 29.31% (p ≤0.05). The content of AST was higher in the blood of piglets of the first research group by 5.92% and in the third by 11.11%, less in the second by 9.62%, and in the fourth by 27.40%. LF activity was lower in the first group by 10.69%, in the second by 16.32% (р≤0.05), in the third by 3.30%, in the fourth by 12.14%, in yatii – by 5.65%. The number of CICs was more in the first group by 81.81%, in the second by 45.45%, in the third by 63.63%, in the fourth by 27.27%, in the fifth by 9.09%. In piglets of experimental groups, the level of seromucoids decreased in the first group by 42.41%, in the second group by 36.84%, in the third group by 26.31%, in the fourth group by 31.57%, in the fifth group by 26, 31%.