OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISPENSARYSATION OF COWS FOR MYCOTOXICOSIS
Keywords:
Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, cows, obstetric and gynecological dispensation, infertility, sterility, artificial insemination, fertilization.
Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the spread of obstetric and gynecological pathology in cows due to mycotoxin contamination of feed, in particular, corn grains and corn silage. At the same time, the research was carried out in two cattle farms on cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted breed aged 3-7 years. The aim of the research was to establish the correlation of fodder damage with mycotoxins, in particular zearalenone and deoxynivalenol cutting of corn and corn silage on the reproductive capacity of cows. At the first stage, the content of mycotoxins in feed was determined. Subsequently, an obstetric and gynecological dispensation was carried out. At the same time, clinical research methods were used. It was established that zearalenone as a mycotoxin has an estrogen -like effect and contributes to the occurrence of ovarian pathology, in particular, ovarian pathology in farm No. 1 amounted to 26.0±1.47 heads, which was 21.55%, and in farm No. 2 – 22.75 ±0.85 heads (15.1%). At the same time, the largest share – 13 cases in farm No. 1 and 12 – in farm No. 2 were follicular cysts, frequent walking, asynchronous and incomplete sexual cycles. At the same time, pathology of the uterus under the influence of deoxynivalenol developed pathological processes in the organs of the reproductive system, in particular, chronic endometritis and accounted for 22% and 27% in the first and second households, respectively. At the same time, the course of the transit period in cows was complicated, which was characterized by the slowing down of involutional processes in the organs of the reproductive system, which reduced the fertilizing ability of cows. Thus, in cows of farm 1, the fertilization rate from the 1st insemination was 116±3.8 heads (14.5%), and from the second 108±3.39 (21%). In addition, gynecological pathology in the 1st farm ranged from 14.8% in 2021 to 16.05% in 2020, and in the 2nd farm, a similar indicator ranged from 17.12% in 2021 to 19.79% in 2020. year Also, multiple fruitless inseminations were diagnosed due to pathological processes in the organs of the reproductive system, which significantly reduced such an economic indicator as the yield of calves per 100 cows. This indicator was 65.5±1.7 6 t/100 cows in the first farm for 4 years, and 71.5±1.04 in the second. It has been established that contamination of cow feed with mycotoxins significantly reduces reproductive capacity and causes significant economic losses.
References
1. Vlajkov, V., Grahovac, M., Budakov, D., Loc, M., Pajčin, I., Milić, D., Novaković, T., & Grahovac, J. (2021). Distribution, Genetic Diversity and Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Serbian Maize Fields. Toxins, 13(10), 687. https://doi. org/10.3390/toxins13100687
2. Oldenburg, E., Höppner, F., Ellner, F., & Weinert, J. (2017). Fusarium diseases of maize associated with mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products intended to be used for food and feed. Mycotoxin research, 33(3), 167–182. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0277-y
3. Liew, W. P., & Mohd-Redzwan, S. (2018). Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 8, 60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060
4. Ülger, T. G., Uçar, A., Çakıroğlu, F. P., & Yilmaz, S. (2020). Genotoxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 185, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.004
5. Eli, K. & Schaafsma, Arthur & Hooker, David. (2022). Impact of agronomic practices on Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in maize grain. World Mycotoxin Journal. 15. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2021.2734.
6. Ali, Tehreem & Sarwar, A & Sattar, Mian Muhammah Khubaib & Ali, Muhammad & Aslam, M. (2020). MYCOTOXINS AND MYCOTOXICOSIS. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10597.32487.
7. Tarazona, A., Mateo, E. M., Gómez, J. V., Gavara, R., Jiménez, M., & Mateo, F. (2021). Machine learning approach for predicting Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum growth and mycotoxin production in treatments with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films containing pure components of essential oils. International journal of food microbiology, 338, 109012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109012
8. Ponce-García, N., Serna-Saldivar, S. O., & Garcia-Lara, S. (2018). Fumonisins and their analogues in contaminated corn and its processed foods – a review. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 35(11), 2183–2203. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1502476
9. Kemboi, D. C., Antonissen, G., Ochieng, P. E., Croubels, S., Okoth, S., Kangethe, E. K., Faas, J., Lindahl, J. F., & Gathumbi, J. K. (2020). A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toxins, 12(4), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040222
10. Anastasiadis, V., Koukouvinos, G., Petrou, P. S., Economou, A., Dekker, J., Harjanne, M., Heimala, P., Goustouridis, D., Raptis, I., & Kakabakos, S. E. (2020). Multiplexed mycotoxins determination employing white light reflectance spectroscopy and silicon chips with silicon oxide areas of different thickness. Biosensors & bioelectronics, 153, 112035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112035
11. Gallo, A., Ghilardelli, F., Atzori, A. S., Zara, S., Novak, B., Faas, J., & Fancello, F. (2021). Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins, 13(3), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030232
12. Milićević, D. R., Spirić, D., Radičević, T., Velebit, B., Stefanović, S., Milojević, L., & Janković, S. (2017). A review of the current situation of aflatoxin M1 in cow’s milk in Serbia: risk assessment and regulatory aspects. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 34(9), 1617–1631. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 19440049.2017.1363414
13. Schabo, D. C., Freire, L., Sant’Ana, A. S., Schaffner, D. W., & Magnani, M. (2021). Mycotoxins in artisanal beers: An overview of relevant aspects of the raw material, manufacturing steps and regulatory issues involved. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.), 141, 110114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110114
14. Weaver, A. C., Weaver, D. M., Adams, N., & Yiannikouris, A. (2021). Co-Occurrence of 35 Mycotoxins: A Seven- Year Survey of Corn Grain and Corn Silage in the United States. Toxins, 13(8), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080516
15. Patyal, A., Gill, J., Bedi, J. S., & Aulakh, R. S. (2020). Potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced under different farm conditions. Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes, 55(9), 827–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2020.1787019
16. Stranska, M., Dzuman, Z., Prusova, N., Behner, A., Kolouchova, I., Lovecka, P., Rezanka, T., Kolarik, M., & Hajslova, J. (2022). Fungal Endophytes of Vitis vinifera-Plant Growth Promoters or Potentially Toxinogenic Agents?. Toxins, 14(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020066
17. Kövesi, B., Kulcsár, S., Zándoki, E., Szabó-Fodor, J., Mézes, M., Balogh, K., Ancsin, Z., & Pelyhe, C. (2020). Shortterm effects of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 or ochratoxin on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system and its regulatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 46(6), 1921–1932. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00845-1
18. Sotnichenko, A., Pantsov, E., Shinkarev, D., & Okhanov, V. (2019). Hydrophobized Reversed-Phase Adsorbent for Protection of Dairy Cattle against Lipophilic Toxins from Diet. Efficiensy in Vitro and in Vivo. Toxins, 11(5), 256. https://doi. org/10.3390/toxins11050256
19. Moura, R. D., de Castro, L., Culik, M. P., Fernandes, A., Fernandes, P., & Ventura, J. A. (2020). Culture medium for improved production of conidia for identification and systematic studies of Fusarium pathogens. Journal of microbiological methods, 173, 105915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105915
20. Park, S. H., Kim, D., Kim, J., & Moon, Y. (2015). Effects of Mycotoxins on mucosal microbial infection and related pathogenesis. Toxins, 7(11), 4484–4502. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114484
21. Lin, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, M., Hu, X., & Li, F. (2021). Further data on the levels of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals collected from Tianjin, China. Food additives & contaminants. Part B, Surveillance, 14(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2021.1873425
22. Awapak, D., Petchkongkaew, A., Sulyok, M., & Krska, R. (2021). Co-occurrence and toxicological relevance of secondary metabolites in dairy cow feed from Thailand. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 38(6), 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2021.1905186
23. Niehaus, Eva-Maria & Diaz-Sanchez, Violeta & Von Bargen, Katharina & Kleigrewe, Karin & Humpf, Hans-Ulrich & Limón, M. Carmen. (2014). Fusarins and Fusaric Acid in Fusaria. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_11.
24. Wu, J.-G & Li, H.-Y & Cheng, N.-K & Li, L. & Li, B.-M. (2017). Research on Feeding Position of Armature in Railgun. Binggong Xuebao/Acta Armamentarii. 38. 1052-1058. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.06.002.
25. Yang, X., Liu, P., Cui, Y., Xiao, B., Liu, M., Song, M., Huang, W., & Li, Y. (2020). Review of the Reproductive Toxicity of T-2 Toxin. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 68(3), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07880
26. Pogrmic-Majkic, K., Samardzija Nenadov, D., Stanic, B., Milatovic, S., Trninic-Pjevic, A., Kopitovic, V., & Andric, N. (2019). T-2 toxin downregulates LHCGR expression, steroidogenesis, and cAMP level in human cumulus granulosa cells. Environmental toxicology, 34(7), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22752
27. Fu, Y., Jin, Y., Shan, A., Zhang, J., Tang, H., Shen, J., Zhou, C., Yu, H., Fang, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., & Tian, Y. (2021). Polydatin Protects Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Against Zearalenone-Induced Apoptosis By Inhibiting Oxidative Responses and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Toxins, 13(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020121
28. Bettelheim, Eldad & Banerjee, Aditya & Plenio, M. & Huelga, Susana. (2022). Entanglement spectrum in general free fermionic systems. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 55. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac5529.
29. Matraszek-Zuchowska, I., Wozniak, B., & Zmudzki, J. (2013). Determination of zeranol, taleranol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone in urine by LC-MS/MS. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 30(6), 987–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.787656
30. Manguso, Nicholas & Kim, Minhyung & Joshi, Neeraj & Al Mahmud, Rasel & Cortes-Ledesma, Felipe & Cui, Xiaojiang & Yamada, Shintaro & Ito, Junji & Takeda, Shunichi & Giuliano, Armando & You, Sungyong & Tanaka, Hisashi. (2022). TDP 2 modulates the expression of estrogen-responsive oncogenes. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.01.494417.
31. Ayala-Soldado, N & Lora-Benitez, AJ & Mora Medina, Rafael & Molina, Ana & Artillo-Guimera, JI & Moyano- Salvago, MªR. (2022). Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in cattle, caused by Claviceps paspali. Veterinární Medicína. https://doi. org/10.17221/25/2022-VETMED.
32. Roche, J. R., Burke, C. R., Crookenden, M. A., Heiser, A., Loor, J. L., Meier, S., Mitchell, M. D., Phyn, C., & Turner, S. A. (2017). Fertility and the transition dairy cow. Reproduction, fertility, and development, 30(1), 85–100. https:// doi.org/10.1071/RD17412
33. Wagner, N., Mialon, M. M., Sloth, K. H., Lardy, R., Ledoux, D., Silberberg, M., de Boyer des Roches, A., & Veissier, I. (2021). Detection of changes in the circadian rhythm of cattle in relation to disease, stress, and reproductive events. Methods (San Diego, Calif.), 186, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.09.003
2. Oldenburg, E., Höppner, F., Ellner, F., & Weinert, J. (2017). Fusarium diseases of maize associated with mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products intended to be used for food and feed. Mycotoxin research, 33(3), 167–182. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12550-017-0277-y
3. Liew, W. P., & Mohd-Redzwan, S. (2018). Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 8, 60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060
4. Ülger, T. G., Uçar, A., Çakıroğlu, F. P., & Yilmaz, S. (2020). Genotoxic effects of mycotoxins. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 185, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.004
5. Eli, K. & Schaafsma, Arthur & Hooker, David. (2022). Impact of agronomic practices on Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in maize grain. World Mycotoxin Journal. 15. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2021.2734.
6. Ali, Tehreem & Sarwar, A & Sattar, Mian Muhammah Khubaib & Ali, Muhammad & Aslam, M. (2020). MYCOTOXINS AND MYCOTOXICOSIS. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10597.32487.
7. Tarazona, A., Mateo, E. M., Gómez, J. V., Gavara, R., Jiménez, M., & Mateo, F. (2021). Machine learning approach for predicting Fusarium culmorum and F. proliferatum growth and mycotoxin production in treatments with ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films containing pure components of essential oils. International journal of food microbiology, 338, 109012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109012
8. Ponce-García, N., Serna-Saldivar, S. O., & Garcia-Lara, S. (2018). Fumonisins and their analogues in contaminated corn and its processed foods – a review. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 35(11), 2183–2203. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1502476
9. Kemboi, D. C., Antonissen, G., Ochieng, P. E., Croubels, S., Okoth, S., Kangethe, E. K., Faas, J., Lindahl, J. F., & Gathumbi, J. K. (2020). A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toxins, 12(4), 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040222
10. Anastasiadis, V., Koukouvinos, G., Petrou, P. S., Economou, A., Dekker, J., Harjanne, M., Heimala, P., Goustouridis, D., Raptis, I., & Kakabakos, S. E. (2020). Multiplexed mycotoxins determination employing white light reflectance spectroscopy and silicon chips with silicon oxide areas of different thickness. Biosensors & bioelectronics, 153, 112035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112035
11. Gallo, A., Ghilardelli, F., Atzori, A. S., Zara, S., Novak, B., Faas, J., & Fancello, F. (2021). Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins, 13(3), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030232
12. Milićević, D. R., Spirić, D., Radičević, T., Velebit, B., Stefanović, S., Milojević, L., & Janković, S. (2017). A review of the current situation of aflatoxin M1 in cow’s milk in Serbia: risk assessment and regulatory aspects. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 34(9), 1617–1631. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 19440049.2017.1363414
13. Schabo, D. C., Freire, L., Sant’Ana, A. S., Schaffner, D. W., & Magnani, M. (2021). Mycotoxins in artisanal beers: An overview of relevant aspects of the raw material, manufacturing steps and regulatory issues involved. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.), 141, 110114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110114
14. Weaver, A. C., Weaver, D. M., Adams, N., & Yiannikouris, A. (2021). Co-Occurrence of 35 Mycotoxins: A Seven- Year Survey of Corn Grain and Corn Silage in the United States. Toxins, 13(8), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080516
15. Patyal, A., Gill, J., Bedi, J. S., & Aulakh, R. S. (2020). Potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced under different farm conditions. Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes, 55(9), 827–834. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2020.1787019
16. Stranska, M., Dzuman, Z., Prusova, N., Behner, A., Kolouchova, I., Lovecka, P., Rezanka, T., Kolarik, M., & Hajslova, J. (2022). Fungal Endophytes of Vitis vinifera-Plant Growth Promoters or Potentially Toxinogenic Agents?. Toxins, 14(2), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14020066
17. Kövesi, B., Kulcsár, S., Zándoki, E., Szabó-Fodor, J., Mézes, M., Balogh, K., Ancsin, Z., & Pelyhe, C. (2020). Shortterm effects of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 or ochratoxin on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system and its regulatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 46(6), 1921–1932. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10695-020-00845-1
18. Sotnichenko, A., Pantsov, E., Shinkarev, D., & Okhanov, V. (2019). Hydrophobized Reversed-Phase Adsorbent for Protection of Dairy Cattle against Lipophilic Toxins from Diet. Efficiensy in Vitro and in Vivo. Toxins, 11(5), 256. https://doi. org/10.3390/toxins11050256
19. Moura, R. D., de Castro, L., Culik, M. P., Fernandes, A., Fernandes, P., & Ventura, J. A. (2020). Culture medium for improved production of conidia for identification and systematic studies of Fusarium pathogens. Journal of microbiological methods, 173, 105915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105915
20. Park, S. H., Kim, D., Kim, J., & Moon, Y. (2015). Effects of Mycotoxins on mucosal microbial infection and related pathogenesis. Toxins, 7(11), 4484–4502. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114484
21. Lin, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, M., Hu, X., & Li, F. (2021). Further data on the levels of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals collected from Tianjin, China. Food additives & contaminants. Part B, Surveillance, 14(1), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2021.1873425
22. Awapak, D., Petchkongkaew, A., Sulyok, M., & Krska, R. (2021). Co-occurrence and toxicological relevance of secondary metabolites in dairy cow feed from Thailand. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 38(6), 1013–1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2021.1905186
23. Niehaus, Eva-Maria & Diaz-Sanchez, Violeta & Von Bargen, Katharina & Kleigrewe, Karin & Humpf, Hans-Ulrich & Limón, M. Carmen. (2014). Fusarins and Fusaric Acid in Fusaria. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_11.
24. Wu, J.-G & Li, H.-Y & Cheng, N.-K & Li, L. & Li, B.-M. (2017). Research on Feeding Position of Armature in Railgun. Binggong Xuebao/Acta Armamentarii. 38. 1052-1058. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.06.002.
25. Yang, X., Liu, P., Cui, Y., Xiao, B., Liu, M., Song, M., Huang, W., & Li, Y. (2020). Review of the Reproductive Toxicity of T-2 Toxin. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 68(3), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07880
26. Pogrmic-Majkic, K., Samardzija Nenadov, D., Stanic, B., Milatovic, S., Trninic-Pjevic, A., Kopitovic, V., & Andric, N. (2019). T-2 toxin downregulates LHCGR expression, steroidogenesis, and cAMP level in human cumulus granulosa cells. Environmental toxicology, 34(7), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22752
27. Fu, Y., Jin, Y., Shan, A., Zhang, J., Tang, H., Shen, J., Zhou, C., Yu, H., Fang, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., & Tian, Y. (2021). Polydatin Protects Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Against Zearalenone-Induced Apoptosis By Inhibiting Oxidative Responses and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Toxins, 13(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020121
28. Bettelheim, Eldad & Banerjee, Aditya & Plenio, M. & Huelga, Susana. (2022). Entanglement spectrum in general free fermionic systems. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 55. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac5529.
29. Matraszek-Zuchowska, I., Wozniak, B., & Zmudzki, J. (2013). Determination of zeranol, taleranol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone in urine by LC-MS/MS. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 30(6), 987–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.787656
30. Manguso, Nicholas & Kim, Minhyung & Joshi, Neeraj & Al Mahmud, Rasel & Cortes-Ledesma, Felipe & Cui, Xiaojiang & Yamada, Shintaro & Ito, Junji & Takeda, Shunichi & Giuliano, Armando & You, Sungyong & Tanaka, Hisashi. (2022). TDP 2 modulates the expression of estrogen-responsive oncogenes. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.01.494417.
31. Ayala-Soldado, N & Lora-Benitez, AJ & Mora Medina, Rafael & Molina, Ana & Artillo-Guimera, JI & Moyano- Salvago, MªR. (2022). Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in cattle, caused by Claviceps paspali. Veterinární Medicína. https://doi. org/10.17221/25/2022-VETMED.
32. Roche, J. R., Burke, C. R., Crookenden, M. A., Heiser, A., Loor, J. L., Meier, S., Mitchell, M. D., Phyn, C., & Turner, S. A. (2017). Fertility and the transition dairy cow. Reproduction, fertility, and development, 30(1), 85–100. https:// doi.org/10.1071/RD17412
33. Wagner, N., Mialon, M. M., Sloth, K. H., Lardy, R., Ledoux, D., Silberberg, M., de Boyer des Roches, A., & Veissier, I. (2021). Detection of changes in the circadian rhythm of cattle in relation to disease, stress, and reproductive events. Methods (San Diego, Calif.), 186, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.09.003
Published
2022-10-14
How to Cite
Chekan, O. M. (2022). OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL DISPENSARYSATION OF COWS FOR MYCOTOXICOSIS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (2(57), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2022.2.7
ISSN 
ISSN 
