THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF GROWTH OF LIVE WEIGHT OF HEIFERS ON THE FORMATION OF THE EXTERIOR OF DAIRY COWS
Keywords:
heifer, first-calf heifer, average daily weight gain, correlated variability, exterior, measurement, body structure index
Abstract
In the herd of the breeding farm LLC "Agrofirma "Svitanok"", comprising 895 cows, the level of correlated variability between the growth intensity of heifer body weight and the exterior of first-calf heifers of dairy breeds was determined. In the majority of cases, an inverse relationship was found between the age at exterior assessment of first-calf heifers and the growth intensity of heifers. First-calf heifers with higher average daily weight gains generally exhibited better development in most measurements, as evidenced by predominantly statistically significant positive correlation coefficients, which noticeably increased during the pubertal (6-9 and 9-12 months) period (up to 56.4%) and gradually decreased thereafter. A noticeable and significant relationship between the index of declining relative growth rate and the age at exterior assessment indirectly indicates that heifers with slower body weight development tend to have a younger age at calving. The patterns of age-related dynamics in the correlated variability of heifer weight gains and subsequent measurements of first-calf cows observed over three-month periods are also maintained over six-month age periods. It was established that the growth intensity during the period of sexual maturation of heifers had the most significant impact on the development of most body measurements in first-calf heifers. The identified correlation between the body measurements of first-calf heifers and the weight gains of heifers is partially confirmed when using visual linear assessment of body type according to the scoring scale. A statistically significant direct correlation was found with growth and size traits (r = 4.7…21.2%), chest traits (7.9…33.9%), udder traits (2.9…17.6%), and the overall score (3.7…22.8%). The highest degree of correlated variability with weight gains over three-month and six-month periods was found with the leg length index (up to 38.6%), bone index (up to 37.4%), and pelvic-chest index (up to -29.4%). The statistically significant level of correlated variability between the exterior of first-calf heifers and the average daily weight gains of heifers confirms the importance of intensive growth of young stock for forming the desired exterior type in cows, especially during the period of intensive sexual maturation from 6 months to one year of age.
References
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18. Osadcha, Yu. V., & Shanaieva–Tsymbal, L. O. (2022). Mathematical methods in biology. Kyiv, 584
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20. Polupan, Yu. P., & Khmelnychyi L. M. (2018). Instrumentalna otsinka eksterieru i proportsii budovy tila [Instrumental evaluation of the exterior and proportions of the body structure]. Selektsiini, henetychni ta biotekhnolohichni metody udoskonalennia i zberezhennia henofondu porid silskohospodarskykh tvaryn; za red. M. V. Hladiia i Yu. P. Polupana, Poltava, 471‒482 (in Ukrainian).
21. Polupan, Yu. P., Melnyk, Yu. F., Bazyshyna, I. V., Pochukalin, A. Ye., Pryima, S. V., Rieznykova, N. L., & Polupan, N. L. (2023). Dynamika eksterieru koriv pervistok riznykh rokiv otsiniuvannia, viku i sezonu narodzhennia ta otelennia [Dynamics of the exterior of first-calf heifers of various years of assessment, age and season of birth and calving]. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn, 66, 95-107. DOI: 10.31073/abg.66.10 (in Ukrainian).
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23. Polupan, Yu. P., & Pryima, S. V. (2024). Spivvidnosna minlyvist rostu telyts ta eksterieru pervistok z molochnoiu produktyvnistiu koriv [Correlative variability of growth of heifers and exterior of first-calf heifers with milk productivity of cows]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky. Kyiv: Ahrarna nauka, 5(854), 31-41. DOI: 10.31073/agrovisnyk202405-04 (in Ukrainian).
24. Polupan, Yu. P. (2010). Udoskonalennia metodyky bonituvannia koriv molochnykh porid za eksterierom [Improvement of the method of grading dairy cows by exterior]. Metodolohiia naukovykh doslidzhen z pytan selektsii, henetyky ta biotekhnolohii u tvarynnytstvi : materialy nauk.-teor. konf., prysviach. pamiati akad. UAAN Valeriia Petrovycha Burkata (Chubynske, 25 liut. 2010 r.). Kyiv: Ahrarna nauka, 95‒98 (in Ukrainian).
25. Polupan, Yu. P. (2016). Ontohenetychni osoblyvosti formuvannia eksterieru molodniaku [Ontogenetic features of the formation of the exterior of young animals]. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn. Kyiv, 52, 63‒81 (in Ukrainian).
26. Poudel, S. P., Chetri, D. K., Sah, R., & Jamarkatel, M. (2022). Relationship between udder and teat conformations and morphometrics with milk yield in murrah buffaloes. Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, 5, 209–217. DOI: 10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48467
27. Van der Heide, E. M. M., Veerkamp, R. F., Van Pelt, M. L., Kamphuis, C., & Ducro, B. J. (2020). Predicting survival in dairy cattle by combining genomic breeding values and phenotypic information. Journal of dairy science, 103(1), 556-571. DOI 10.3168/jds.2019-16626.
28. Vohra, V., Niranjan, S. K., Mishra, A. K., Jamuna, V., Chopra, A., Sharma, N., & Jeong, D. K. (2015). Phenotypic characterization and multivariate analysis to explain body conformation in lesser known buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from North India. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci, 28(3), 311–317. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0451
29. Zavadilová, L., Němcová, E., & Štípková, M. (2011). Effect of type traits on functional longevity of Czech Holstein cows estimated from a Cox proportional hazards model. Journal of Dairy Science, (94)8, 4090-4099. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3684.
30. Zubets, M. V., & Polupan, Yu. P. (1996). Metody i znachennia eksteriernoi otsinky molochnoi khudoby [Methods and value of exterior evaluation of dairy cattle]. Novi metody selektsii i vidtvorennia vysokoproduktyvnykh porid i typiv tvaryn : materialy nauk.-vyrob. konf. Kyiv, 74–75 (in Ukrainian).
2. Bashchenko, M. I., Fedorovych, V. V., & Babik, N. P. (2014). Zhyva masa ta eksterierni osoblyvosti koriv kombinovanykh porid v umovakh zakhidnoho rehionu Ukrainy [Live weight and external characteristics of cows of combined breeds in the conditions of the western region of Ukraine]. Naukovo-tekhnichnyi biuleten Instytutu biolohii tvaryn i Derzhavnoho naukovodoslidnoho kontrolnoho instytutu vetpreparativ ta kormovykh dobavok, 15(4), 113–120 (in Ukrainian).
3. Bashchenko, M. I., Polupan, Yu. P., & Khmelnytskyi, L. M. (2018). Otsinka eksterieru khudoby [Evaluation of livestock exterior]. Selektsiini, henetychni ta biotekhnolohichni metody udoskonalennia i zberezhennia henofondu porid silskohospodarskykh tvaryn; za red. M. V. Hladiia i Yu. P. Polupana, Poltava, 465‒572 (in Ukrainian).
4. Bodnar, P., & Bodnaruk, V. (2019). Zhyva masa ta eksterierni osoblyvosti koriv-pervistok riznykh henotypiv ukrainskoi chorno-riaboi molochnoi porody [Live weight and exterior characteristics of first-calf heifers of different genotypes of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed]. Biolohiia tvaryn, 21(3), 99 (in Ukrainian).
5. Boiko, O. V., Sotnichenko, Yu. M., & Tkach, Ye. F. (2015). Uspadkuvannia ta spivvidnosna minlyvist statei eksterieru koriv molochnykh porid [Inheritance and relative variability of external features of dairy cows]. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn. Kyiv, Ahrarna nauka, 49, 69–75 (in Ukrainian).
6. Boulton, A. C., Rushton, J., & Wathes, D. C. (2017). An empirical analysis of the cost of rearing dairy heifers from birth to first calving and the time taken to repay these costs. Animal, 11, 1372–1380. DOI: 10.1017/S1751731117000064
7. Brickell, J. S., & Wathes, D. C. (2011). A descriptive study of the survival of Holstein-Friesian heifers through to third calving on English dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci, 94, 1831–1838. https://doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2010-3710.
8. Busanello, M., Sousa, D. G., Poczynek, M., Almeida, de R., Bittar, C. M. M., Filipe, A. C. Mendonça, D., & Lanna, P. D. (2022). Body growth of replacement dairy heifers from 3 distinct genetic groups from commercial Brazilian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 105, 3222–3233. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21197
9. Davis, H. P., & Willett, E. L. (1938). Relation between rate of growth and milk and fat production. Journal of Dairy Science, 21(10), 637–642. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(38)93013-9
10. Fetisov, V. S. (2018). Paket statystychnoho analizu danykh STATISTICA : navch. posib. [Package of statistical data analysis STATISTICA: training. manual]. Nizhyn : NDU im. M. Hoholia,114 (in Ukrainian).
11. Franco, M. de O., Marcondes, M. I., Campos, J. M. de S., Freitas, D. R. de, Detmann, E., & Valadares Filho, S. de C. (2017). Evaluation of body weight prediction Equations in growing heifers. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 39(2), 201–206. DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v39i2.33118
12. Iliashenko, H. D. (2014). Vplyv okremykh henetychnykh chynnykiv na eksterier koriv ta yoho zviazok z molochnoiu produktyvnistiu [The influence of certain genetic factors on the exterior of cows and its relationship with milk productivity]. Naukovyi visnyk “Askaniia-Nova”. Nova Kakhovka, 7, 140–147 (in Ukrainian).
13. Javed, K., Abdullah, M., Khalid, M. S., Ahmad, N., Bhatti, J. A., & Younas, U. (2013). Inter-relationship of milk constituents with body and udder measurements in Nili-Ravi buffaloes raised at commercial farms of Pakistan. Buffalo Bulletin, 32(2), 1170–1173.
14. Khmelnychyi, L. M., Suprun, I. O., & Bartienieva, L. S. (2024). Spivvidnosna minlyvist promiriv budovy tila koriv ukrainskoi chervono-riaboi molochnoi porody z velychynoiu nadoiu u dynamitsi laktatsii [The relative variability of body measurements in Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy cows in relation to milk yield dynamics over lactations]. Visnyk Sumskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Seriia: Tvarynnytstvo, 2, 109-114. DOI:10.32782/bsnau.lvst.2024.2.16 (in Ukrainian).
15. Khmelnychyi, L. M., & Suprun, I. O. (2010). Osnovy biometrii : dlia laboratornykh i samostiinykh robit studentiv spetsialnosti “TVPPT” [Fundamentals of biometrics: for laboratory and independent works of students of the "TVPPT" specialty]. Kyiv, 81 (in Ukrainian).
16. Kruhliak, A. P., & Kruhliak, T. O. (2019). Spivvidnosna minlyvist selektsiinykh oznak tvaryn molochnykh porid khudoby [Correlative variability of breeding traits of animals of dairy breeds of cattle]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky, 4, 45–51. DOI: 10.31073/agrovisnyk201904-07 (in Ukrainian).
17. Lytovchenko, A. M., Mykytiuk, D. M., Bilous, O. V., Kudriavska, N. V., Shpak, L. V., Burkat, V. P., Yefimenko, M. Ya., Polupan, Yu. P., Demchuk, M. P., Vasylkivskyi, S. B., Ruban, S. Yu., Melnyk, Yu. F., Maiboroda, M. M., Kostenko, O. I., Rudyk, I. A., Bashchenko, M. I., Tishchenko, I. V., Khmelnychyi, L. M., Kruhliak, A. P., Vyshnevskyi, L. V., & Hordin, A. F. (2007). Instruktsiia z bonituvannia velykoi rohatoi khudoby molochnykh i molochno-miasnykh porid; Instruktsiia z vedennia pleminnoho obliku v molochnomu i molochno-miasnomu skotarstvi. [Instructions on grading cattle of dairy and milk-meat breeds; Instructions for keeping pedigree records in dairy and dairy and meat cattle breeding]. Kyiv: Aristei, 72 (in Ukrainian).
18. Osadcha, Yu. V., & Shanaieva–Tsymbal, L. O. (2022). Mathematical methods in biology. Kyiv, 584
19. Pidpala, T. V., & Tskhvitova, O. K. (2007). Otsinka ukrainskoi chervonoi molochnoi porody za selektsiinohenetychnymy parametramy [Evaluation of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed according to selection and genetic parameters]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky Prychornomoria, 4, 135–139 (in Ukrainian).
20. Polupan, Yu. P., & Khmelnychyi L. M. (2018). Instrumentalna otsinka eksterieru i proportsii budovy tila [Instrumental evaluation of the exterior and proportions of the body structure]. Selektsiini, henetychni ta biotekhnolohichni metody udoskonalennia i zberezhennia henofondu porid silskohospodarskykh tvaryn; za red. M. V. Hladiia i Yu. P. Polupana, Poltava, 471‒482 (in Ukrainian).
21. Polupan, Yu. P., Melnyk, Yu. F., Bazyshyna, I. V., Pochukalin, A. Ye., Pryima, S. V., Rieznykova, N. L., & Polupan, N. L. (2023). Dynamika eksterieru koriv pervistok riznykh rokiv otsiniuvannia, viku i sezonu narodzhennia ta otelennia [Dynamics of the exterior of first-calf heifers of various years of assessment, age and season of birth and calving]. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn, 66, 95-107. DOI: 10.31073/abg.66.10 (in Ukrainian).
22. Polupan, Yu. P., Melnyk, Yu. F., Bazyshyna, I. V., Pochukalin, A. Ye., & Pryima, S. V. (2021). Spivvidnosna minlyvist selektsionovanykh oznak chervonoi molochnoi khudoby [Relative variability of selected traits of Red Dairy cattle]. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn, 62, 65–71. DOI:10.31073/abg.62.10 (in Ukrainian).
23. Polupan, Yu. P., & Pryima, S. V. (2024). Spivvidnosna minlyvist rostu telyts ta eksterieru pervistok z molochnoiu produktyvnistiu koriv [Correlative variability of growth of heifers and exterior of first-calf heifers with milk productivity of cows]. Visnyk ahrarnoi nauky. Kyiv: Ahrarna nauka, 5(854), 31-41. DOI: 10.31073/agrovisnyk202405-04 (in Ukrainian).
24. Polupan, Yu. P. (2010). Udoskonalennia metodyky bonituvannia koriv molochnykh porid za eksterierom [Improvement of the method of grading dairy cows by exterior]. Metodolohiia naukovykh doslidzhen z pytan selektsii, henetyky ta biotekhnolohii u tvarynnytstvi : materialy nauk.-teor. konf., prysviach. pamiati akad. UAAN Valeriia Petrovycha Burkata (Chubynske, 25 liut. 2010 r.). Kyiv: Ahrarna nauka, 95‒98 (in Ukrainian).
25. Polupan, Yu. P. (2016). Ontohenetychni osoblyvosti formuvannia eksterieru molodniaku [Ontogenetic features of the formation of the exterior of young animals]. Rozvedennia i henetyka tvaryn. Kyiv, 52, 63‒81 (in Ukrainian).
26. Poudel, S. P., Chetri, D. K., Sah, R., & Jamarkatel, M. (2022). Relationship between udder and teat conformations and morphometrics with milk yield in murrah buffaloes. Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University, 5, 209–217. DOI: 10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48467
27. Van der Heide, E. M. M., Veerkamp, R. F., Van Pelt, M. L., Kamphuis, C., & Ducro, B. J. (2020). Predicting survival in dairy cattle by combining genomic breeding values and phenotypic information. Journal of dairy science, 103(1), 556-571. DOI 10.3168/jds.2019-16626.
28. Vohra, V., Niranjan, S. K., Mishra, A. K., Jamuna, V., Chopra, A., Sharma, N., & Jeong, D. K. (2015). Phenotypic characterization and multivariate analysis to explain body conformation in lesser known buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from North India. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci, 28(3), 311–317. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0451
29. Zavadilová, L., Němcová, E., & Štípková, M. (2011). Effect of type traits on functional longevity of Czech Holstein cows estimated from a Cox proportional hazards model. Journal of Dairy Science, (94)8, 4090-4099. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3684.
30. Zubets, M. V., & Polupan, Yu. P. (1996). Metody i znachennia eksteriernoi otsinky molochnoi khudoby [Methods and value of exterior evaluation of dairy cattle]. Novi metody selektsii i vidtvorennia vysokoproduktyvnykh porid i typiv tvaryn : materialy nauk.-vyrob. konf. Kyiv, 74–75 (in Ukrainian).
Published
2024-10-08
How to Cite
Polupan, Y. P., & Pryima, S. V. (2024). THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTENSITY OF GROWTH OF LIVE WEIGHT OF HEIFERS ON THE FORMATION OF THE EXTERIOR OF DAIRY COWS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Livestock, (3), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.lvst.2024.3.9
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Articles
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