LEUKOCYTE ACTIVITY AND INDICATORS OF THE RESISTANCE OF THE CALVES IN THE PERIOD OF STABILIZATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Abstract
The growth and development of the animal organism in the process of vital activity goes through critical periods, and the formation of body functions at the level of adult animals occurs before the stabilization period. However, the formation of body systems in the postnatal period, their functional activity depends on the state of the body at birth. In general, the conditions of prenatal development, especially hypoxia, negatively affect the subsequent maturation of the organism, the formation of its protection mechanisms against the influence of various negative factors of existence. It was established that during the period of stabilization of the growth and development of the calves, the resistance indices and the activity of blood leukocytes of the calves that were under the influence of hypoxia during the prenatal period of growth and development, were born with signs of respiratory disorders were probably lower, or remained probably less, than in functionally active calves animals Thus, LII in the calves of the control group was 1.35 times less than this index of the calves of the experimental group, and the leukocyte shift index was 2.59 times less than that of the experimental animals (p<0.001). The leukocyte index and NLC in the control animals were 1.18 (p<0.05) – 3.38 times less compared to the calves of the experimental group (p<0.001). The number of leukocytes in the blood of functionally active calves corresponded to the indicator of physiologically mature animals, while it remained 1.32 times more in the calves of the second group (p<0.05). The percentage of basophils in the leukocytic form did not change significantly compared to the indicators of the retardation period. Compared to the period of retardation, the percentage of rod and segment nuclear leukocytes in the blood of calves of the first group practically did not change. In the calves of the second group, it was unlikely that the content of the main forms of neutrophils was higher. Along with this, neutrophils in the blood of calves of the first group were determined to be 1.88 times less compared to the indicators of calves of the second group. The content of lymphocytes varied from the period of retardation to the period of stabilization in the blood of the calves of the first group from 71.05±4.03% to 70.0±5.0%. In the animals of the experimental group, this indicator increased from 40.65±2.40% to 44.35±4.95% and remained during the stabilization period 1.58 times less in animals of the first group. There were 2.20 times more monocytes in the blood of calves of the second group (p<0.01). The results of the research indicate a decrease in the activity of the processes of formation of protective mechanisms in calves before the stabilization period, the prenatal period of which took place under the influence of hypoxia.
References
2. Barrington, G.M, & Parish S.M. (2021). Bovine Neonatal Immunology. // Vet Clin North Am Food AnimPract 17(3):463-76.
3. Campler, М., Munksgaard, L., & Jense M.B. (2015). The effect of housing on calving behavior and calf vitality in Holstein and Jersey dairy cows // J. Dairy Sci., 98.1709-1804
4. Chase, C. (2021). Practical immunology and beef and dairy v protocols: starting from ground zero–what, when and how, in Proceedings, Am. Assoc. Bov. Pract. Recent Graduate Conference; Р.10-18.
5. Ergander, U., Eriksson, M., & Zetterström. R. (2008) Severe Neonatal Asphyxia. Acta Pædiatrica. – Vol. 72. – № 3. – P. 321-325.
6. Forbes, K. (2010). Maternal growth factor regulation of human placental development and fetal growth. Journal Endocrinologe. – Vol. 207, № 1. – P.1-16.
7. Kambur, M. D., Zamazii, A. A., & Butov O. V. (2018). Fiziolohichno – biokhimichni zminy v orhanizmi koriv uprodovzh tilnosti, rodovoho ta pisliarodovoho protsesu. [Physiological-biochemical changes in the body of cows during pregnancy, birth and postpartum process]. Dnipropetrovskyi Naukovo-tekhnichnyi biuleten Naukovo – doslidnitkogo zentry biobezpeky ta ekolohichnoho kontroliu resursiv agropromucloworo komplekcy. 6, 2, 79-80 [in Ukrainian].
8. Kambur, M. D., Zamazii, A. A., Kolechko, A. V., Lermantov, & Butov О. V. (2018). Yakist krovi koriv pid chas tilnosti ta yii vplyv na vidtvorennia ta zhyttezdatnist novonarodzhenykh teliat.[ Blood quality of cows during calving and its effect on reproduction and viability of newborn calves Nauka ta osvita – novyi vymir, tom VI (157), Vyp. 17, S.26 – 29. [in Ukrainian].
9. Krause, B. J., Hanson, M. A., & Casanello, P. (2011). Role of nitric oxide in placental vascular development and function. Placenta. Vol. 32, No 11. – P. 797-805.
10. Krehbiel, CR. (2020). Bovine respiratory disease influences on nutrition and metabolism. Vet Clin Food Animаl; 36:361-373.
11. Langel, S. N., Wark, W. A., Garst, S.N., James, R.E., McGilliard, M. L., & Petersson-Wolfe, C.S. (2015). Effect of feeding whole compared with cell-free colostrum on calf immune status: the neonatal period. J. Dairy Sci. 98:3729 – 40.
12. Lhrmie, G, Toutain, P. L., El Garch, F., Bousquet-Melou, A., & Assie, S. (2017) Implementin Precision Antimicrobial Therapy for the Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease: Current Limitations and Perspectives. Front Vet Sci, 4:143.
13. Meade, K.G. (2015). Advances in Bovine Immunology – New Tools and New Insights to Tackle Old Foes. Front. Immunoljgia - 6:71.
14. Murray, C. F., & Leslie K. E. (2013). Newborn calf vitality: Risk factors, characteristics, assessment, resulting outcomes and strategies for improvement. Vet. J., 198, p. 322-328.
15. Murray, C. F., Veira, D. M., Nadalin Haines, D. M., Jackso, M. L., Pearl D. L., & Leslie K. E. (2015). The effect of dystocia on physiological and behavioral characteristics related to vitality and passive transfer of immunoglobulins in newborn Holstein calves. Can. J. Vet. Res., 79 pp. 109-119
16. Murray, P. J., & Wynn T. A. (2011). Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets. Nat. Rev. Immunologia, 11, pp. 723-737
17. Ott, T. L. (2019). Symposium Review: Immunological Detection of the Bovine Conceptus During Early Pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci.-102 (4):3766 -77.
18. Physiology of animals (2008). [Mazurkevych, A. Y., Karpovskyy, V. I., Kambur, M. D., Zamyziy, A. A.; by Ed. Mazurkevych, A. Y., and Karpovskyy, V. I. Tutorial. Vinnitca: New book, 424.
ISSN 
ISSN 
