XENOMONITORING STUDIES OF MOSQUITOES FOR DIAROFILARIOSIS
Keywords:
heartworm disease, nematodes, mosquitoes, xenomonitoring, molecular analysis, PCR
Abstract
Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic vector-borne disease caused by nematodes Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. Due to climatic changes, the disease is actively spreading from endemic Southern European regions to the east and west of the continent, including Ukraine. The presence of filariae in an area can be monitored through xenomonitoring – the detection of parasites among blood-sucking arthropods. Research on the species composition of mosquitoes in the Khmelnytskyi and Vinnytsia regions revealed that dominant species include Aedes spp., Culex spp., and Anopheles spp. Comparing the diversity of species, abundance, and distribution of mosquitoes among suburban and urban areas, a 4.5 times higher concentration of mosquitoes was found in urban areas. Molecular screening revealed that mosquitoes of the Aedes spp. and Culex spp. species are potential vectors for transmitting D. repens and D. immitis, particularly in Ukraine. These findings indicate a risk of dirofilariasis infection in the Khmelnytskyi and Vinnytsia regions. Coinfections of D. repens and D. immitis were also found among mosquitoes, underscoring the importance of monitoring and preventive measures to prevent diseases among animals and humans. Given the periodic detection of D. immitis in dogs in Ukraine, it is important to focus on the spread of this parasite. Meanwhile, temperature conditions and geographical location play a crucial role in the distribution and spread of the disease. Studies have identified possible reservoirs of the disease. By monitoring mosquitoes, areas with a high risk of dirofilariasis infection can be promptly identified, and effective control and prevention measures can be implemented. This is particularly important in the context of climate change and the expansion of the range of potential vector mosquitoes, which may lead to the expansion of the disease's distribution areas. Thus, xenomonitoring of mosquitoes is a key element of dirofilariasis control strategies, ensuring effective monitoring and management of this vector-borne invasion.
References
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17. Rishniw, M., Barr, S. C., Simpson, K. W., Frongillo, M. F., Franz, M., & Dominguez Alpizar, J. L. (2006). Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary parasitology, 135(3-4), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.013
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20. Rusev, I. T., Zakusylo, V. M., Vynnyk, V. D. & Radkov, D. V.Faunistychni kompleksy krovosysnykh komariv u urbanizovanykh biotsenozakh mista Odesy ta yikh rol u tsyrkuliatsii arbovirusiv. [Faunal complexes of blood-sucking mosquitoes in urbanized biocenoses of the city of Odessa and their role in the circulation of arboviruses]. Veterynarna medytsyna.2012. Vyp. 96. S. 195-197. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/vetmed_2012_96_77 [in Ukrainian]
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22. Sassnau, R., Kohn, M., Demeler, J., Kohn, B., Müller, E., Krücken, J., & von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G. (2013). Is Dirofilaria repens endemic in the Havelland district in Brandenburg, Germany?. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 13(12), 888–891. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1293
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25. Șuleșco, T., von Thien, H., Toderaș, L., Toderaș, I., Lühken, R., & Tannich, E. (2016). Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova. Parasites & vectors, 9(1), 627. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1916-4
26. Tahir, D., Bittar, F., Barré-Cardi, H., Sow, D., Dahmani, M., Mediannikov, O., Raoult, D., Davoust, B., & Parola, P. (2017). Molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens by new real-time TaqMan® PCR assay in dogs and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Corsica (France). Veterinary parasitology, 235, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.002
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2. Bajer, A., Alsarraf, M., Topolnytska, M. et al. Vector-borne parasites in dogs from Ukraine translocated to Poland following Russian invasion in 2022. Parasites Vectors 16, 430 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06042-2
3. Becker N, Petric D, Zgomba M, Boase C, Madon M, Dahl CH, Kaiser A (2010) Mosquitoes and their control, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg.
4. Bocková, E., Iglódyová, A., & Kočišová, A. (2015). Potential mosquito (Diptera:Culicidae) vector of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in urban areas of Eastern Slovakia. Parasitology research, 114(12), 4487–4492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4692-8
5. Cancrini, G., Magi, M., Gabrielli, S., Arispici, M., Tolari, F., Dell'Omodarme, M., & Prati, M. C. (2006). Natural vectors of dirofilariasis in rural and urban areas of the Tuscan region, central Italy. Journal of medical entomology, 43(3), 574–579. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[574:nvodir]2.0.co;2
6. Capelli, G., Genchi, C., Baneth, G., Bourdeau, P., Brianti, E., Cardoso, L., Danesi, P., Fuehrer, H. P., Giannelli, A., Ionică, A. M., Maia, C., Modrý, D., Montarsi, F., Krücken, J., Papadopoulos, E., Petrić, D., Pfeffer, M., Savić, S., Otranto, D., Poppert, S., … Silaghi, C. (2018). Recent advances on Dirofilaria repens in dogs and humans in Europe. Parasites & vectors, 11(1), 663. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-3205-x
7. Cielecka, D., Żarnowska-Prymek, H., Masny, A., Salamatin, R., Wesołowska, M., & Gołąb, E. (2012). Human dirofilariosis in Poland: the first cases of autochthonous infections with Dirofilaria repens. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 19(3), 445–450.
8. Czajka, C., Becker, N., Jöst, H., Poppert, S., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., Krüger, A., & Tannich, E. (2014). Stable transmission of Dirofilaria repens nematodes, northern Germany. Emerging infectious diseases, 20(2), 328–331. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2002.131003
9. Erickson, S. M., Fischer, K., Weil, G. J., Christensen, B. M., & Fischer, P. U. (2009). Distribution of Brugia malayi larvae and DNA in vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for molecular diagnostics. Parasites & vectors, 2(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-2-56
10. Ferreira, C. A., de Pinho Mixão, V., Novo, M. T., Calado, M. M., Gonçalves, L. A., Belo, S. M., & de Almeida, A. P. (2015). First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal. Parasites & vectors, 8, 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0760-2
11. Genchi, C., & Kramer, L. H. (2020). The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in the Old World. Veterinary parasitology, 280, 108995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108995
12. Ionică, A. M., Zittra, C., Wimmer, V., Leitner, N., Votýpka, J., Modrý, D., Mihalca, A. D., & Fuehrer, H. P. (2017). Mosquitoes in the Danube Delta: searching for vectors of filarioid helminths and avian malaria. Parasites & vectors, 10(1), 324. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2264-8
13. Jacsó, O., Mándoki, M., Majoros, G., Pétsch, M., Mortarino, M., Genchi, C. and Fok, É.. "First autochthonous Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) infection in a dog in Hungary" Helminthologia, vol.46, no.3, 2009, pp.159-161. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0030-y
14. Kemenesi, G., Kurucz, K., Kepner, A., Dallos, B., Oldal, M., Herczeg, R., Vajdovics, P., Bányai, K., & Jakab, F. (2015). Circulation of Dirofilaria repens, Setaria tundra, and Onchocercidae species in Hungary during the period 2011-2013. Veterinary parasitology, 214(1-2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.010
15. Latrofa, M. S., Montarsi, F., Ciocchetta, S., Annoscia, G., Dantas-Torres, F., Ravagnan, S., Capelli, G., & Otranto, D. (2012). Molecular xenomonitoring of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern Italy by real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Parasites & vectors, 5, 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-76
16. Masny, A., Sałamatin, R., Rozej-Bielicka, W., & Golab, E. (2016). Is molecular xenomonitoring of mosquitoes for Dirofilaria repens suitable for dirofilariosis surveillance in endemic regions?. Parasitology research, 115(2), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4767-6
17. Rishniw, M., Barr, S. C., Simpson, K. W., Frongillo, M. F., Franz, M., & Dominguez Alpizar, J. L. (2006). Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary parasitology, 135(3-4), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.013
18. Romanenko, T., Hunchenko, N., Kharkhun, T., Kardupel, L., Honcharenko, L., & Higgs, S. (2021). Surveillance of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in Kyiv, Ukraine Between 2013 and 2017. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 21(3), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2020.2666
19. Rossi, A., Peix, Á., Pavlikovskaya, T., Sagach, O., Nikolaenko, S., Chizh, N., Kartashev, V., Simón, F., & Siles-Lucas, M. (2015). Genetic diversity of Dirofilaria spp. isolated from subcutaneous and ocular lesions of human patients in Ukraine. Acta tropica, 142, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.021
20. Rusev, I. T., Zakusylo, V. M., Vynnyk, V. D. & Radkov, D. V.Faunistychni kompleksy krovosysnykh komariv u urbanizovanykh biotsenozakh mista Odesy ta yikh rol u tsyrkuliatsii arbovirusiv. [Faunal complexes of blood-sucking mosquitoes in urbanized biocenoses of the city of Odessa and their role in the circulation of arboviruses]. Veterynarna medytsyna.2012. Vyp. 96. S. 195-197. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/vetmed_2012_96_77 [in Ukrainian]
21. Sałamatin, R. V., Pavlikovska, T. M., Sagach, O. S., Nikolayenko, S. M., Kornyushin, V. V., Kharchenko, V. O., Masny, A., Cielecka, D., Konieczna-Sałamatin, J., Conn, D. B., & Golab, E. (2013). Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Ukraine, an emergent zoonosis: epidemiological report of 1465 cases. Acta parasitologica, 58(4), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-0187-x
22. Sassnau, R., Kohn, M., Demeler, J., Kohn, B., Müller, E., Krücken, J., & von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G. (2013). Is Dirofilaria repens endemic in the Havelland district in Brandenburg, Germany?. Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 13(12), 888–891. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2012.1293
23. Sheremet, V.P. Krovosysni komari Ukrayiny. Navch. posibnyk dlya studentiv biolohichnoho fakulʹtetu. [Blood-sucking mosquitoes of Ukraine. Education a guide for students of the Faculty of Biology] K.: RVTS. «Kyyivsʹkyy universytet». 1998. 34 s. [in Ukrainian]
24. Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchón, R., González-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carretón, E., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2012). Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clinical microbiology reviews, 25(3), 507–544. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00012-12
25. Șuleșco, T., von Thien, H., Toderaș, L., Toderaș, I., Lühken, R., & Tannich, E. (2016). Circulation of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in Moldova. Parasites & vectors, 9(1), 627. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1916-4
26. Tahir, D., Bittar, F., Barré-Cardi, H., Sow, D., Dahmani, M., Mediannikov, O., Raoult, D., Davoust, B., & Parola, P. (2017). Molecular survey of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens by new real-time TaqMan® PCR assay in dogs and mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Corsica (France). Veterinary parasitology, 235, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.002
27. Thanchomnang, T., Intapan, P. M., Tantrawatpan, C., Lulitanond, V., Chungpivat, S., Taweethavonsawat, P., Kaewkong, W., Sanpool, O., Janwan, P., Choochote, W., & Maleewong, W. (2013). Rapid detection and identification of Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. pahangi, and Dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and blood samples by high resolution melting real-time PCR. The Korean journal of parasitology, 51(6), 645–650. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.645
28. Tomchyshyna, N . I. & Kovalenko, S. L. Kamyanets-Podilskyy rayon (1923—1998 rr.): [Information guide. Kamianets-Podilskyi region (1992-1998)]. Informatsiynyy dovidnyk. Kam'yanetsʹ-Podilʹsʹkyy, 1998. S. 29 [in Ukrainian]
29. Wikipedia Vinnytsia URL: https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnytsia#Climate
30. Younes, L., Barré-Cardi, H., Bedjaoui, S., Ayhan, N., Varloud, M., Mediannikov, O., Otranto, D., & Davoust, B. (2021). Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France. Parasites & vectors, 14(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04931-y
31. Zittra, C., Kocziha, Z., Pinnyei, S., Harl, J., Kieser, K., Laciny, A., Eigner, B., Silbermayr, K., Duscher, G. G., Fok, É., & Fuehrer, H. P. (2015). Screening blood-fed mosquitoes for the diagnosis of filarioid helminths and avian malaria. Parasites & vectors, 8, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0637-4
Published
2024-06-19
How to Cite
Poliukhovych, V. I. (2024). XENOMONITORING STUDIES OF MOSQUITOES FOR DIAROFILARIOSIS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (1(64), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.vet.2024.1.8
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