EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA AND PYOMETRA IN BITCHES
Keywords:
dogs, infertility, endometritis, pyometra, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cysts, ultrasound diagnostics, contrast-enhanced imaging technology
Abstract
Restoring the reproductive capacity of animals has been and remains one of the most difficult tasks of veterinary specialists. The reproductive capacity of small animals, including dogs, requires careful study and development of new methods for its correction. In particular, this applies to the diagnosis of both inflammatory processes of the reproductive system (metritis, pyometra) and destructive changes (endometrial hyperplasia, cysts). The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of the use of contrast-enhanced imaging technology for the diagnosis and prediction of vascularization in microvessels due to endometrial angiogenic effect in pyometra in bitches. The study was conducted on 15 infertile bitches of different breeds on the 15th–45th day after the end of estrus. Examination of the reproductive system of bitches was performed using ultrasound diagnostics in B mode (hyperplastic changes of the endometrium were diagnosed), Dopplerography (condition of vessels and their number) and contrast-enhanced imaging technology. The reproductive system organs of each animal were examined in 3 areas, taking into account the depth of the endometrium examination (1–2 cm), the number, location and size of endometrial cysts. Ultrasound examination revealed dilatation of the uterine horns, atypical growth and thickening of the endometrium and the formation of cysts up to 0.45 cm in diameter. Doppler examination revealed the growth of a large number of small vessels in the endometrium of the female uterus, but no changes in blood flow were detected. Contrastenhanced imaging technology revealed hyperplastic processes of the endometrium, which were characterized by more intense staining on the contrast image, which disappeared within the cystic lesion of the uterine mucosa of the female. The presence of large vascularized cysts and filling of the uterine lumen with exudate (in pyometra) were detected. Asymmetry of the uterine horns and their increase in volume (during ovariohysterectomy) were detected. Histological examination revealed increased endometrial thickness and signs of inflammatory reaction (presence of neutrophils, macrophages and plasma cells). Contrast-enhanced imaging technology can be successfully used to detect morphological changes in the tissues of the female reproductive system for the purpose of diagnosing destructive and inflammatory processes.
References
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20. Roos, J., Aubanel, C., Niewiadomska, Z., Lannelongue, L., Maenhoudt, C., & Fontbonne, A. (2020). Triplex doppler ultrasonography to describe the uterine arteries during diestrus and progesterone profile in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches of different sizes. Theriogenology, 141, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.035
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26. Socha, B. M., Socha, P., Szóstek-Mioduchowska, A. Z., Nowak, T., & Skarżyński, D. J. (2022). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression in the canine endometrium with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene, 57(7), 771–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14121
27. Turkki, O. M., Sunesson, K. W., den Hertog, E., & Varjonen, K. (2023). Postoperative complications and antibiotic use in dogs with pyometra: a retrospective review of 140 cases (2019). Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 65(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-023-00670-5
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29. Woźna-Wysocka, M., Rybska, M., Błaszak, B., Jaśkowski, B. M., Kulus, M., & Jaśkowski, J. M. (2021). Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia – pyometra complex – the value of histopathological examination. BMC veterinary research, 17(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0
30. Woźna-Wysocka, M., Rybska, M., Błaszak, B., Jaśkowski, B. M., Kulus, M., & Jaśkowski, J. M. (2021).
Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia – pyometra complex – the value of histopathological examination. BMC veterinary research, 17(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0
31. Xavier, R. G. C., da Silva, P. H. S., Trindade, H. D., Carvalho, G. M., Nicolino, R. R., Freitas, P. M. C., & Silva, R. O. S. (2022). Characterization of Escherichia coli in Dogs with Pyometra and the Influence of Diet on the Intestinal Colonization of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Veterinary sciences, 9(5), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050245
32. Xie, X., Zhai, J., Zhou, X., Guo, Z., Lo, P. C., Zhu, G., Chan, K. W. Y., & Yang, M. (2024). Magnetic Particle Imaging: From Tracer Design to Biomedical Applications in Vasculature Abnormality. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 36(17), e2306450. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306450
2. Canejo-Teixeira, R., Lima, A., & Santana, A. (2022). Applications of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Splenic Studies of Dogs and Cats. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 12(16), 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162104
3. Elebiyo, T. C., Rotimi, D., Evbuomwan, I. O., Maimako, R. F., Iyobhebhe, M., Ojo, O. A., Oluba, O. M., & Adeyemi, O. S. (2022). Reassessing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. Cancer treatment and research communications, 32, 100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100620
4. Friedrich, T., & Stengel, A. (2021). Role of the Novel Peptide Phoenixin in Stress Response and Possible Interactions with Nesfatin-1. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(17), 9156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179156
5. Günther, V., Allahqoli, L., Deenadayal-Mettler, A., Maass, N., Mettler, L., Gitas, G., Andresen, K., Schubert, M., Ackermann, J., von Otte, S., & Alkatout, I. (2023). Molecular Determinants of Uterine Receptivity: Comparison of Successful Implantation, Recurrent Miscarriage, and Recurrent Implantation Failure. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(24), 17616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417616
6. Hagman R. (2022). Pyometra in Small Animals 2.0. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 52(3), 631–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.004
7. Hagman R. (2023). Pyometra in Small Animals 3.0. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 53(5), 1223–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.009
8. Jurczak, A., & Janowski, T. (2018). Arterial ovarian blood flow in the periovulatory period of GnRH-induced and spontaneous estrous cycles of bitches. Theriogenology, 119, 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.014
9. Kim, J., Lee, N., Kim, Y., Choi, J., & Yoon, J. (2024). Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in identifying unilateral ovarian luteoma in a dog. Open veterinary journal, 14(3), 930–936. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i3.22
10. Lansubsakul, N., Sirinarumitr, K., Sirinarumitr, T., Imsilp, K., Wattananit, P., Supanrung, S., & Limmanont, C. (2022). First report on clinical aspects, blood profiles, bacterial isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility, and histopathology in canine pyometra in Thailand. Veterinary world, 15(7), 1804–1813. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.1804-1813
11. Lau, V. I., Jaidka, A., Wiskar, K., Packer, N., Tang, J. E., Koenig, S., Millington, S. J., & Arntfield, R. T. (2020). Better With Ultrasound: Transcranial Doppler. Chest, 157(1), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.2204
12. Liu, J., Zhang, X., Cheng, Y., & Cao, X. (2021). Dendritic cell migration in inflammation and immunity. Cellular & molecular immunology, 18(11), 2461–2471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00726-4
13. Mitacek, M. C. G., Praderio, R. G., Stornelli, M. C., de la Sota, R. L., & Stornelli, M. A. (2020). Endometritis in the bitch: Immunohistochemical localization of cyclooxygenase 2. Open veterinary journal, 10(2), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i2.5
14. Mrozikiewicz, A. E., Ożarowski, M., & Jędrzejczak, P. (2021). Biomolecular Markers of Recurrent Implantation Failure-A Review. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(18), 10082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810082
15. Nicolás-Barceló, P., Facchin, M., Martínez-Taboada, F., Barrera, R., Cristóbal, J. I., González, M. A., Durán-Galea, Á., Macías-García, B., & Duque, F. J. (2021). Effects of Sedation with Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine on Doppler Measurements of Ovarian Artery Blood Flow in Bitches. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 11(2), 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020538
16. Nogueira Aires, L. P., Gasser, B., Silva, P., Del'Aguila-Silva, P., Yamada, D. I., Carneiro, R. K., Bressianini Lima, B., Padilha-Nakaghi, L. C., Ramirez Uscategui, R. A., Spada, S., Russo, M., & Rossi Feliciano, M. A. (2022). Ovarian contrastenhanced ultrasonography and Doppler fluxometry in bitches during the postovulatory estrus and corpora lutea formation. Theriogenology, 194, 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.10.009
17. Pacheco, M. O., Gerzenshtein, I. K., Stoppel, W. L., & Rinaldi-Ramos, C. M. (2024). Advances in Vascular Diagnostics using Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) for Blood Circulation Assessment. Advanced healthcare materials, 13(23), e2400612. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202400612
18. Pascottini, O. B., Aurich, C., England, G., & Grahofer, A. (2023). General and comparative aspects of endometritis in domestic species: A review. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene, 58 Suppl 2, 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14390
19. Quartuccio, M., Liotta, L., Cristarella, S., Lanteri, G., Ieni, A., D'Arrigo, T., & De Majo, M. (2020). Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra Complex in the Bitch: A Preliminary Study. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 10(8), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081368
20. Roos, J., Aubanel, C., Niewiadomska, Z., Lannelongue, L., Maenhoudt, C., & Fontbonne, A. (2020). Triplex doppler ultrasonography to describe the uterine arteries during diestrus and progesterone profile in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches of different sizes. Theriogenology, 141, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.035
21. Rybska, M., Billert, M., Skrzypski, M., Kubiak, M., Woźna-Wysocka, M., Łukomska, A., Nowak, T., Błaszczyk-Cichoszewska, J., Pomorska-Mól, M., & Wąsowska, B. (2022). Canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra may downregulate neuropeptide phoenixin and GPR173 receptor expression. Animal reproduction science, 238, 106931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106931
22. Rybska, M., Skrzypski, M., Billert, M., Wojciechowicz, T., Łukomska, A., Pawlak, P., Nowak, T., Pusiak, K., & Wąsowska, B. (2024). Nesfatin-1 expression and blood plasma concentration in female dogs suffering from cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra and its possible interaction with phoenixin-14. BMC veterinary research, 20(1), 486. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04336-w
23. Sasidharan, J. K., Patra, M. K., Singh, L. K., Saxena, A. C., De, U. K., Singh, V., Mathesh, K., Kumar, H., & Krishnaswamy, N. (2021). Ovarian Cysts in the Bitch: An Update. Topics in companion animal medicine, 43, 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100511
24. Silva, P., Maronezi, M. C., Padilha-Nakaghi, L. C., Gasser, B., Pavan, L., Nogueira Aires, L. P., Russo, M., Spada, S., Ramirez Uscategui, R. A., Moraes, P. C., & Rossi Feliciano, M. A. (2021). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of placental perfusion in brachicephalic bitches. Theriogenology, 173, 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.010
25. Silva, P., Maronezi, M. C., Padilha-Nakaghi, L. C., Gasser, B., Pavan, L., Nogueira Aires, L. P., Russo, M., Spada, S., Ramirez Uscategui, R. A., Moraes, P. C., & Rossi Feliciano, M. A. (2021). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of placental perfusion in brachicephalic bitches. Theriogenology, 173, 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.010
26. Socha, B. M., Socha, P., Szóstek-Mioduchowska, A. Z., Nowak, T., & Skarżyński, D. J. (2022). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression in the canine endometrium with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene, 57(7), 771–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14121
27. Turkki, O. M., Sunesson, K. W., den Hertog, E., & Varjonen, K. (2023). Postoperative complications and antibiotic use in dogs with pyometra: a retrospective review of 140 cases (2019). Acta veterinaria Scandinavica, 65(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-023-00670-5
28. Veiga, G. A., Miziara, R. H., Angrimani, D. S., Papa, P. C., Cogliati, B., & Vannucchi, C. I. (2017). Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra syndrome in bitches: identification of hemodynamic, inflammatory, and cell proliferation changes. Biology of reproduction, 96(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.116.140780
29. Woźna-Wysocka, M., Rybska, M., Błaszak, B., Jaśkowski, B. M., Kulus, M., & Jaśkowski, J. M. (2021). Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia – pyometra complex – the value of histopathological examination. BMC veterinary research, 17(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0
30. Woźna-Wysocka, M., Rybska, M., Błaszak, B., Jaśkowski, B. M., Kulus, M., & Jaśkowski, J. M. (2021).
Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia – pyometra complex – the value of histopathological examination. BMC veterinary research, 17(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0
31. Xavier, R. G. C., da Silva, P. H. S., Trindade, H. D., Carvalho, G. M., Nicolino, R. R., Freitas, P. M. C., & Silva, R. O. S. (2022). Characterization of Escherichia coli in Dogs with Pyometra and the Influence of Diet on the Intestinal Colonization of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Veterinary sciences, 9(5), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050245
32. Xie, X., Zhai, J., Zhou, X., Guo, Z., Lo, P. C., Zhu, G., Chan, K. W. Y., & Yang, M. (2024). Magnetic Particle Imaging: From Tracer Design to Biomedical Applications in Vasculature Abnormality. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.), 36(17), e2306450. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306450
Published
2025-03-14
How to Cite
Chekan, O. M., & BilokurovA. Н. (2025). EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA AND PYOMETRA IN BITCHES. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (4(67), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.vet.2024.4.16
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