COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME INDICATORS OF HOMEOSTASIS IN SMALL ANIMAL ANESTHESIA
Abstract
To conduct research and animals, as well as during surgical interventions, it is necessary to administer anesthesia in accordance with the European Convention (The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, 2007). There are a large number of means for pain relief, both local and general. However, most of the tools are quite toxic, and therefore require research on the safety of their use. The purpose of the research was to conduct a pharmacological review of the most common anesthetics and compare the effectiveness of their use during surgery and in the postoperative period. For this, the cats were divided into 4 groups randomly according to the principle of analogues of 8 heads each: control and 3 experimental. The animals of the control group were administered saline solution intravenously with an interval of 8 hours, in the 1st experimental group 25 mg of metamisone was administered intravenously with an interval of 24 hours, in the 2nd experimental group ‒ after 12 hours in the same dose, and in 3-1 ‒ after 8 hours in accordance. At the same time, stress factors (new premises, staff) were taken into account, so the first 2 days were given for acclimatization. Blood was collected using a lancet before surgery, after 5 and 10 days. Biochemical indicators were studied according to generally accepted methods. A comparative method of using metamizole for analgesia in cats was carried out. Results were obtained on a reliable change in myeloperoxidase from 2.1±0.5 before surgery to 1.7±0.2 μM, quinonimine is formed in 30 minutes on the 5th day of the postoperative period, and malonaldehyde from 1.31±1.2 nmol/ml before surgery to 1.01±0.75 nmol/ml in the postoperative period for 5 days when using metamizole at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. The content of creatinine in all blood samples was at the same level and only on the 10th day in the cats of the 3rd group it was significantly different from the animals of the control and the rest of the experimental groups. Also, we did not find any significant changes in the parameters of aspartate aminotransferase and albumin. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the use of metamizone (metamizol) does not have a negative effect on the body and can be applied both at intervals of 24 and 12 hours, as well as at 8 hours.
References
2. Brandehoff, N., Benjamin, J. M., Balde, C., & Chippaux, J. P. (2020). Ketamine for pain control of snake envenomation in Guinea: A case series. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 187, 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.020
3. Braz, M. G., Braz, L. G., Braz, J. R., Pierine, D. T., Correa, C. R., Ferreira, A. L., Carvalho, L. R., Yeum, K. J., & Salvadori, D. M. (2013). Comparison of oxidative stress in ASA physical status I patients scheduled for minimally invasive surgery under balanced or intravenous anesthesia. Minerva anestesiologica, 79(9), 1030–1038.
4. de Macêdo, L. B., Mouta, A. N., Araújo-Silva, G., Urizar, J. T. P., & de Paula, V. V. (2021). Pharmacokinetic properties of metamizole active metabolites in Northeastern Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus). Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 44(5), 842–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12998
5. Evangelista, M. C., Silva, R. A., Cardozo, L. B., Kahvegian, M. A., Rossetto, T. C., Matera, J. M., & Fantoni, D. T. (2014). Comparison of preoperative tramadol and pethidine on postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. BMC veterinary research, 10, 252. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0252-1
6. Fux, D., Metzner, M., Brandl, J., Feist, M., Behrendt-Wippermann, M., von Thaden, A., & Baumgartner, C. (2022). Pharmacokinetics of metamizole (dipyrone) as an add-on in calves undergoing umbilical surgery. PloS one, 17(3), e0265305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265305
7. Giorgi, M., Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B., Lisowski, A., Owen, H., Poapolathep, A., Kim, T. W., & De Vito, V. (2018). Pharmacokinetic profiles of the active metamizole metabolites after four different routes of administration in healthy dogs. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 41(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12484
8. Goel, A., Azargive, S., Weissman, J. S., Shanthanna, H., Hanlon, J. G., Samman, B., Dominicis, M., Ladha, K. S., Lamba, W., Duggan, S., Di Renna, T., Peng, P., Wong, C., Sinha, A., Eipe, N., Martell, D., Intrater, H., MacDougall, P., Kwofie, K., St-Jean, M., … Clarke, H. (2019). Perioperative Pain and Addiction Interdisciplinary Network (PAIN) clinical practice advisory for perioperative management of buprenorphine: results of a modified Delphi process. British journal of anaesthesia, 123(2), e333–e342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.044
9. Grubb, T., & Lobprise, H. (2020). Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Overview of concepts and drugs (Part 1). Veterinary medicine and science, 6(2), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.219
10. Grubb, T., & Lobprise, H. (2020). Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats: Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques (Part 2). Veterinary medicine and science, 6(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.218
11. Guo, P., Hu, Q., Wang, J., Hai, L., Nie, X., & Zhao, Q. (2022). Butorphanol inhibits angiogenesis and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates MAPK pathway. The Journal of antibiotics, 75(11), 626–634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-022-00565-z
12. Hale, M., Gimbel, J., & Rauck, R. (2020). Buprenorphine buccal film for chronic pain management. Pain management, 10(4), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2020-0013
13. Jasiecka, A., Maślanka, T., & Jaroszewski, J. J. (2014). Pharmacological characteristics of metamizole. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 17(1), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0030
14. Ji, J., Lin, W., Vrudhula, A., Xi, J., Yeliseev, A., Grothusen, J. R., Bu, W., & Liu, R. (2020). Molecular Interaction Between Butorphanol and κ-Opioid Receptor. Anesthesia and analgesia, 131(3), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000005017
15. Jirkof P. (2017). Side effects of pain and analgesia in animal experimentation. Lab animal, 46(4), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.1216
16. Kaye, A. D., Urman, R. D., Cornett, E. M., Hart, B. M., Chami, A., Gayle, J. A., & Fox, C. J. (2019). Enhanced recovery pathways in orthopedic surgery. Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology, 35(Suppl 1), S35–S39. https://doi.org/10.4103/joacp.JOACP_35_18
17. Kelly, E., Sutcliffe, K., Cavallo, D., Ramos-Gonzalez, N., Alhosan, N., & Henderson, G. (2023). The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl. British journal of pharmacology, 180(7), 797–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15573
18. Langford, D.J.; Andrea, B.L.; Chanda, M.L.; Clarke, S.E.; Drummond, T.E.; Echols, S.; Glick, S.; Ingrao, J.; Klassen-Ross, T.; LaCroix-Fralish, M.L. (2010). Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nat. Methods, 7, 447–449. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1455
19. Lebkowska-Wieruszewska, B., Kim, T. W., Chea, B., Owen, H., Poapolathep, A., & Giorgi, M. (2018). Pharmacokinetic profiles of the two major active metabolites of metamizole (dipyrone) in cats following three different routes of administration. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 41(2), 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12471
20. Lee, Y. M., Song, B. C., & Yeum, K. J. (2015). Impact of Volatile Anesthetics on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. BioMed research international, 2015, 242709. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/242709
21. Li, H. Y., & Hua, Y. H. (2016). Achilles Tendinopathy: Current Concepts about the Basic Science and Clinical Treatments. BioMed research international, 2016, 6492597. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6492597
22. Liu, Y., Chen, C., Liu, N., Tong, L., Nie, Y., Wu, J., Liu, X., Gao, W., Tang, L., & Guan, X. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofol Sedation in ICU Patients with Mechanical Ventilation: A Clinical Trial Study Protocol. Advances in therapy, 38(10), 5412–5423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01877-6
23. Metzner, M., Behrendt-Wippermann, M., Baumgartner, C., Feist, M., von Thaden, A., Rieger, A., & Knubben-Schweizer, G. (2020). Use of metamizole as an additional analgesic during umbilical surgery in calves. Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 47(5), 710–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.10.013
24. Miotto, K., Cho, A. K., Khalil, M. A., Blanco, K., Sasaki, J. D., & Rawson, R. (2017). Trends in Tramadol: Pharmacology, Metabolism, and Misuse. Anesthesia and analgesia, 124(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000001683
25. Monteiro, C., Cardoso-Cruz, H., & Galhardo, V. (2019). Animal models of congenital hypoalgesia: Untapped potential for assessing pain-related plasticity. Neuroscience letters, 702, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.045
26. Sano, H., Barker, K., Odom, T., Lewis, K., Giordano, P., Walsh, V., & Chambers, J. P. (2018). A survey of dog and cat anaesthesia in a sample of veterinary practices in New Zealand. New Zealand veterinary journal, 66(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2017.1413959
27. Sarchahi, A., Vesal & N., Khalighi, F. (2017). Effects of preanesthetic administration of metamizole on renal function, blood parameters and bone marrow cells in healthy dogs. Comp Clin Pathol 26, 657–662 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2437-z
28. Sotocina SG, Sorge RE, Zaloum A. (2011). The Rat Grimace Scale: A Partially Automated Method for Quantifying Pain in the Laboratory Rat via Facial Expressions. Molecular Pain. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8069-7-55
29. Webster, L., Gudin, J., Raffa, R. B., Kuchera, J., Rauck, R., Fudin, J., Adler, J., & Mallick-Searle, T. (2020). Understanding Buprenorphine for Use in Chronic Pain: Expert Opinion. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 21(4), 714–723. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz356
30. Zanuzzo, F. S., Teixeira-Neto, F. J., Teixeira, L. R., Diniz, M. S., Souza, V. L., Thomazini, C. M., & Steagall, P. V. (2015). Analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of dipyrone, meloxicam or a dipyrone-meloxicam combination in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), 205(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.004
31. Lefebvre, D., Lips, D., & Giffroy, J. M. (2007). The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals and tail docking in dogs. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 26(3), 619–628.
ISSN 
ISSN 
