EXUDATIVE EPIDERMATITIS IN PIGS (ETIOLOGY, MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTION, AND CONTROL MEASURES)
Keywords:
epizootiology, pigs, exudative epidermitis, Staphylococcus hyicus, antibiotic resistance.
Abstract
There is a range of infections that cause significant economic losses in the industry and lack recognized means of specific prevention, and the epizootic situation concerning them is worsening. Among these bacterial diseases are staphylococcosis, particularly exudative epidermitis in pigs, caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus hyicus. Practical specialists in production often turn to researchers for assistance when outbreaks of skin lesions occur in pigs, and antibiotic therapy proves to be ineffective. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the current state of this problem and existing developments worldwide aimed at its resolution. The objective of our study was to determine the current state of research on the causative agent, analyze the manifestations and issues related to exudative epidermitis in pigs in different countries and over various years, and explore possible approaches to the treatment of affected pigs and the prevention of exudative epidermitis outbreaks in pig farms. The research was conducted through a comparative analysis of our own extensive experience in addressing the issue of exudative epidermitis in pigs with the research conducted by domestic and foreign scientists who investigated the pathology in pigs caused by S. hyicus. The research results encompassed an analysis of contemporary knowledge regarding the pathogenicity (toxigenicity) of the causative agent of exudative epidermitis in pigs, S. hyicus, and the spectrum of its antibiotic resistance in different countries. Disease manifestations were examined, and alternative approaches to the treatment of affected pigs were explored. Researchers from various countries are considering antimicrobial peptides of various origins, essential plant oils, and bacteriophages targeting S. hyicus as potential therapeutic agents for exudative epidermitis in pigs. For the prevention of exudative epidermitis in pigs, the use of an autogenous vaccine is recommended, which also aids in expediting the elimination of disease outbreaks.
References
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3. Andresen L. O. (1998). Differentiation and distribution of three types of exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs with exudative epidermitis. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 20(4), 301–310. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01140.x
4. Andresen, L. O., Ahrens, P., Daugaard, L., & Bille-Hansen, V. (2005). Exudative epidermitis in pigs caused by toxigenic Staphylococcus chromogenes. Veterinary microbiology, 105(3-4), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.006
5. Arsenakis, I., Boyen, F., Haesebrouck, F., & Maes, D. G. D. (2018). Autogenous vaccination reduces antimicrobial usage and mortality rates in a herd facing severe exudative epidermitis outbreaks in weaned pigs. The Veterinary record, 182(26), 744. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104720
6. Brimmers, L., Buch, J., Harlizius, J., Kuczka, A., Kleinmans, M., Ladinig, A., & Kreutzmann, H. (2023). Increased piglet losses upon exudative epidermitis-a case report. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/nutztiere. https://doi. org/10.1055/a-2088-6163
7. Calcutt, M. J., Foecking, M. F., Hsieh, H. Y., Adkins, P. R., Stewart, G. C., & Middleton, J. R. (2015). Sequence analysis of Staphylococcus hyicus ATCC 11249T, an etiological agent of exudative epidermitis in swine, reveals a type VII secretion system locus and a novel 116-kilobase genomic island harboring toxin-encoding genes. Genome Announcements, 3(1), e01525-14. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01525-14
8. Casanova, C., Iselin, L., von Steiger, N., Droz, S., & Sendi, P. (2011). Staphylococcus hyicus bacteremia in a farmer. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49(12), 4377-4378. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05645-11
9. Chen, S., Wang, Y., Chen, F., Yang, H., Gan, M., & Zheng, S. J. (2007). A highly pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus sciuri caused fatal exudative epidermitis in piglets. PloS one, 2(1), e147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0000147
10. Devriese, L. A., Hajek, V., Oeding, P., Meyer, S. A., & Schleifer, K. H. (1978). Staphylococcus hyicus (Sompolinsky 1953) comb. nov. and Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes subsp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 28(4), 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-28-4-482
11. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Nielsen, S. S., Bicout, D. J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J. A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Gonzales Rojas, J. L., Gortazar Schmidt, C., Herskin, M., Michel, V., Miranda Chueca, M. A., Padalino, B., Pasquali, P., Roberts, H. C., Sihvonen, L. H., Spoolder, H., Stahl, K., Velarde, A., Viltrop, A., … Alvarez, J. (2021). Assessment of animal diseases caused by bacteria resistant to antimicrobials: Swine. EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 19(12), e07113. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.7113
12. Foissac, M., Lekaditi, M., Loutfi, B., Ehrhart, A., & Dauchy, F. A. (2016). Spondylodiscitis and bacteremia due to Staphylococcus hyicus in an immunocompetent man. Germs, 6(3), 106. 10.11599/germs.2016.1097
13. Foster, A. P. (2012). Staphylococcal skin disease in livestock. Veterinary dermatology, 23(4), 342-51. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01093.x.
14. Futagawa-Saito, K., Ba-Thein, W., & Fukuyasu, T. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of exfoliative toxigenic and non-toxigenic Staphylococcus hyicus strains in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 71(5), 681-684. https://doi. org/10.1292/jvms.71.681.
15. González-Martín, M., Corbera, J. A., Suárez-Bonnet, A., & Tejedor-Junco, M. T. (2020). Virulence factors in coagulase- positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus. Veterinary Quarterly, 40(1), 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1748253
16. Gorbatyuk, O. & Garkavenko, Tetiana & Kozytska, Tamara & Ordinska, D. & Musiec, I. & Schur, N. V. (2019). Bakteriolohichnyi monitorynh stafilokokovoi infektsii u svynei, syrovyni i produktsii iz svynyny na terytorii Ukrainy ta biolohichni ryzyky dlia liudyny [Bacteriological monitoring of staphylococcal infection in pigs, raw materials and pork products in the territory of Ukraine and biological risks for humans.]. Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology. 20. 194-200. https://doi.org/10.36359/ scivp.2019-20-2.25. (in Ukrainian).
17. Harkavenko, T. O., Horbatiuk, O. I., Kozytskaia, T. H., Andriiashchuk, V. O., Musiets, I. V., Ordynska, D. O., & Karvatko, T. M. (2021). Poshyrennia stafilokokozu sered tvaryn ta ptytsi na terytorii Ukrainy za period 2015–2020 [Spread of staphylococcus among animals and poultry in Ukraine for the period 2015–2020]. Veterynarna biotekhnolohiia [Veterinary biotechnology], (38), 36-46. (in Ukrainian).
18. Hassler, C.h, Nitzsche, S., Iversen, C., Zweifel, C., & Stephan, R. (2008). Characteristics of Staphylococcus hyicus strains isolated from pig carcasses in two different slaughterhouses. Meat science, 80(2), 505–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. meatsci.2008.02.001
19. Holmer, I., Salomonsen, C. M., Jorsal, S. E., Astrup, L. B., Jensen, V. F., Høg, B. B., & Pedersen, K. (2019). Antibiotic resistance in porcine pathogenic bacteria and relation to antibiotic usage. BMC Veterinary Research, 15(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2162-8
20. Horiuk, Y. V. (2019). Lytic Activity of Staphylococcal Bacteriophage on Different Biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Veterinary Sciences, 21(94), 115-120.
21. Kalai, S., Roychoudhury, P., Dutta, T. K., Subudhi, P. K., Chakraborty, S., Barman, N. N., & Sen, A. (2021). Multidrug resistant staphylococci isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis in North eastern Region of India. Letters in applied microbiology, 72(5), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13448
22. Ladhani, S. (2001). Recent developments in staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 7(6), 301-307. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00258.x
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Published
2023-11-20
How to Cite
Ayshpur, O. Y., Rebenko, H. I., & Nazarenko, S. M. (2023). EXUDATIVE EPIDERMATITIS IN PIGS (ETIOLOGY, MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTION, AND CONTROL MEASURES). Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (3(62), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.vet.2023.3.2
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