METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF MAREK’S DISEASE
Keywords:
Marek’s disease, clinical signs, histopathology, lymphoid tumors
Abstract
Introduction. Chicken is the most common poultry meat in Ukraine and is one of the basic components of the «consumer basket» - a set of foods that is formed using standards of physiological needs of the human body in food based on their chemical composition and energy value, taking into account WHO recommendations. Infectious diseases, in particular Marek’s disease, hinder the development of this industry. The purpose of the work. Our studies focused on the relationship between different clinical and pathological changes, such as clinical signs, macroscopic changes, cytological and histopathological studies and the possibility of use in the field in the diagnosis of MD. Materials and methods of research. The research was carried out in the conditions of private poultry farms on birds of the Leghorn and Poltava clay breeds. Hematological parameters were studied using standard methods, such as hemoglobin (Hb) - cyamide method, erythrocytes and leukocytes - according to the generally accepted method (in Goryaev’s counting chamber), leukocyte formula was calculated by staining blood smears according to Romanovsky-Gim. For cytological examination and analysis, smears were prepared - prints and stained by the Giemsa method. Paraffinized tissue sections were prepared with a thickness of 4-5 μm, stained with hematoxylin - eosin according to the standard procedure described by Brar et al. (2000). Results of research and discussion. According to clinical signs, the bird was characterized by signs of weight loss, dehydration, pale and anemic combs and earrings. According to clinical signs, the bird was characterized by signs of weight loss, dehydration, pale and anemic combs and earrings. The skin form was characterized by nodular lesions at the base of the feather follicles. Similar changes have been recorded by other researchers, including Biggs (1973), Swathi B, Kumar, Anand & Reddy MR. (2019). In this study, based on cytological evaluation of smears in 24 (38.70%) cases diagnosed with Marek’s disease. The results of these studies are consistent with those obtained by Biggs (1973), Swathi B., Kumar S., Anand K. & Reddy M. (2012). The lesions observed in the internal organs were characterized by infiltration of polymorphic lymphoid cells and corresponded to the reports of Bavananthasivam J. Astill J., Matsuyama-Kato A. et al. (2021). Conclusions. Cytological and histopathological examination together with thorough pathological examination can be advantageously used for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Marek’s disease with other tumor diseases of birds.
References
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6. Berthault C. Larcher N., Härtle S. et al. (2018). Trapp-Fragnet L., Denesvre C. Atrophy of primary lymphoid organs induced by Marek’s disease virus during early infection is associated with increased apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and a severe B-lymphopenia. Vet. Res. 49:31. doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0526-x.
7. Benton WJ & Cover MS. (1957). The increased incidence of visceral lymphomatosis in broiler and replacement birds. Avian Diseases. 1: 320-327. doi.org/10.2307/1587746.
8. Biggs PM. (1975). Marek’s disease–The disease and its prevention by vaccination.Br. J. Cancer. 2:152–155. PMC2149595.
9. Boodhoo N., Gurung A, Sharif S. & Behboudi S. (2017) Marek’s disease in chickens: A review with focus on immunology. Vet. Res. 47:119. doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0404-3.
10. Bystry R.S. Aluvihare V, A Welch K. et al. (2001). B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4. Nat. Immunol. 2:1126–1132. doi: 10.1038/ni735.
11. Carvallo F.R. French R., Gilbert-Marcheterre К. et al. (2011). Mortality of One-Week-Old Chickens during Naturally Occurring Marek’s Disease Virus Infection. Veterinary Pathology. 48(5): 993-998, doi:10.1177/0300985810395727.
12. Dang L.,Teng M., Li H-W. et al. (2017). Dynamic Changes in the Splenic Transcriptome of Chickens during the Early Infection and Progress of Marek’s Disease. Sci. Rep. 7:11648. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11304-y.
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14. Bavananthasivam J. Astill J., Matsuyama-Kato A. et al. (2021). Gut microbiota is associated with protection against Marek’s disease virus infection in chickens. Virology. 553:122-130. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.011.
15. Biggs PM. (1975). Marek’s disease–The disease and its prevention by vaccination.Br. J. Cancer. 2:152–155. PMC2149595.
16. Ding С., Wang L., Marroquin J., Yan J. et al. C.(2008) Targeting of antigens to B cells augments antigen-specific T-cell responses and breaks immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigen MUC1. Blood. 112:2817. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157396.
17. Engel A.T., McDermott М, Wiebe S. et al. (2012) Marek’s disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of b cells and cd4+ cd25+ t cells. j. virol. 86:8536–8545. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00556-12.
18. Gopal S., Kathaperumal К., Chidambaram В.(2012). Visualization of large RNA molecules in solution. 18(2):284–299. doi:10.1261/ RNA.027557.111.
19. Jarosinski K.W., Jarosinski K. W., Tischer B. K. et al. (2006) Marek’s disease virus: Lytic replication, oncogenesis and control. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 5:761–772. doi: 10.1586/14760584.5.6.761.
20. Johnson E.A. (1975). Morphogenesis of Marek’s disease virus in feather follicle epithelium. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55:89–99. doi: 10.1093/jnci/55.1.89.
21. Jin H. Kong Z, Arslan Mehboob A. et al. (2020) Transcriptional Profiles Associated with Marek’s Disease Virus in Bursa and Spleen Lymphocytes Reveal Contrasting Immune Responses during Early Cytolytic Infection. Viruses. 12(3):354. doi: 10.3390/v12030354.PMID: 32210095.
22. Jud A., Kotur M., Berger C. et al. (2017). Tonsillar CD56 bright NKG2A +, NK cells restrict primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in B cells via IFN-γ Oncotarget. 8:6130–6141. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14045.
23. Kaiser P. (2003). Differential Cytokine Responses following Marek’s Disease Virus Infection of Chickens Differing in Resistance to Marek’s Disease. J. Virol.77:762–768. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.762-768.2003.
24. Kanehisa M. (2008). KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:480–484. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm882.
25. Kalyani IH, Tajpar MM, Jhala MK et al. (2010). Characterization of the ICP4 gene in pathogenic Marek’s disease virus of poultry in Gujarat, India, using PCR and sequencing. Vet. Arhiv. 80: 683-692. doi: 10.1007/s13337-011-0031-6.
26. Kamaldeep, Sharma P C, Jindal N, et al. (2007). Occurrence of Marek’s Disease in Vaccinated Poultry Flocks of Haryana (India). International Journal of Poultry Science. 6 (5): 372-377. doi:10.3923/ijps.2007.372.377.
27. Kondrakhin P., N.V. Kurilov, A.G. Malakhov I.M. (1985). Clinical laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine: reference book. Agropromizdat. 287p.
28. Kobayashi S, Kobayashi K and Mikami T.(1986). A study of Marek’s disease in Japanese quails vaccinated with herpes virus of turkeys. Avian Diseases. 30: 816-819. doi.org/10.1080/03079459808419292.
29. Lucendo A.J. Rezende L., Comas С. et al. (2008). Treatment with topical steroids downregulates IL-5, eotaxin-1/CCL11, and eotaxin-3/CCL26 gene expression in eosinophilic esophagitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103:2184–2193. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01937.x.
30. Luther S.A. & Cyster J.G. (2001). Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 2:102–107. doi: 10.1038/84205.
31. Meinkoth та Cowell (2002). Recognition of basic cell types and criteria of malignancy. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 32(6):1209-35, doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00048-7.
32. Moser B. & Loetsche P. (2001) Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines. Nat. Immunol. 2:123–128. doi: 10.1038/84219.
33. Musa IW, Bisalla M, Mohammed B. et al. (2015). Prevalence of Newcastle Disease in Gombe, Northeastern Nigeria: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study. British Microbiology Research Journal 6(6):367-375. doi:10.9734/bmrj/2015/15955.
34. Nazerian K. & Witter R.L. (1970). Cell-Free transmission and in vivo replication of Marek’s disease virus. J. Virol. 5:388–397. doi: 10.1128/JVI.5.3.388-397.1970.
35. Nova-Lamperti E. Chana P., Mobillo Paula (2017). Increased cd40 ligation and reduced bcr signalling leads to higher il-10 production in b cells from tolerant kidney transplant patients. transplantation. J. Virol 101:541. doi: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001341.
36. Panda BK, Arya SC, Pradhan HK & Johri DC. (1983). Marek’s disease in chicken in various strains of White Leghorn. Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 18: 100. doi 10.5455/ijlr.20170720115734
37. Panneerselvam S, Dorairajan N, Balachandran C. et al. (2013). Saponin polymorphism in the Korean wild soybean. Plant Breeding 132:121–126. doi:10.1111/pbr.12016.
38. Calnek, B.W. & Witter, R.L. (1997). Marek’s disease. In B. W. Calnek, H. J. Barnes, C. W. Beard, L. R. McDougald & Y. M. Reid (Eds) Diseases of Poultry, 10th edn (pp. 369-413). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
39. Carvallo FR, French RA, Gilbert-Marcheterre K, et al. (2011). Mortality of One-Week-Old Chickens during Naturally Occurring Marek’s Disease Virus Infection. Veterinary Pathology. 48(5): 993-998. doi:10.1177/0300985810395727.
40. Robinson C.M. Cheng H.H, Delany M. E. (2014). Cheng H.H., Delany M.E. Temporal Kinetics of Marek’s Disease Herpesvirus: Integration Occurs Early after Infection in Both B and T Cells. Cytogenet Genome Res. 144:142–154. doi: 10.1159/000368379.
41. Sawale GK, Shelke VM. & Kinge GS. (2014). Observation on occurrence of neural form of Marek’s disease in desi chickens. Indian J. Vet. Pathol. 38(2): 94-97. doi:10.5958/0973-970x.2014.01146.8.
42. Schilling M.A., Katani R., Memari S. et al. (2018). Transcriptional Innate Immune Response of the Developing Chicken Embryo to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection. Front. Genet. 9:61. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00061.
43. Singh SD, Barathidasan R, Kumar A. (2012). Recent trends in diagnosis and control of Marek’s disease (MD) in poultry. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 15(20): 964-970. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2012.964.970
44. Smith J., Sadeyen J.R., Paton I.R., et al. (2011). Systems Analysis of Immune Responses in Marek’s Disease Virus-Infected Chickens Identifies a Gene Involved in Susceptibility and Highlights a Possible Novel Pathogenicity Mechanism. J. Virol. 85:11146–11158. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05499-11.
45. Swathi B, Kumar С., Anand К. & Reddy M. (2019). Lymphoid Leucosis and Marek’s Disease In Chicken – Gross and Histopathological Studies. International Journal of Livestock Researc. 36(1): 41-48. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20190405084024Stachowiak A.N. Wang Y., Huang Y-C. et al. (2006). Homeostatic Lymphoid Chemokines Synergize with Adhesion Ligands to Trigger T and B Lymphocyte Chemokinesis. J. Immunol. 177:2340–2348. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2340.
46. Sung HW. (2002). Recent increase of Marek’s disease in Korea related to virulence increase of virus. Avian Diseases. 46(3):517-24. doi:10.1637/0005-2086.046[0517:riomsd]2.0.co;2
47. Swathi B, Kumar, Anand & Reddy MR. (2019). Lymphoid Leucosis and Marek’s Disease In Chicken - Gross and Histopathological Studies. International Journal of Livestock Researc. 36(1): 41-48. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20190405084024.
48. Tanaka T. Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. (2014). IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 6:a016295. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295.
49. Witter, R.L. (1998). The changing landscape of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathology 27, 149-163. doi:10.1080/03079459808419292.
50. Xu M, Zhang H, Lee L. et al. (2011). Gene Expression Profiling in rMd5- and rMd5meq-Infected Chickens. Avian Diseases. 55(3): 358-367. doi: 10.1637/9608-120610-reg.1.
2. Ahmed SI. (1982). Pathology of spontaneous cases of Marek’s disease with special reference to nervous system and experimental studies on some aspects of pathogenesis, PhD Thesis. University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore. doi:10.3923/ijps.2007.372.377
3. Baaten B.J. Staines K A, Smith L P, et al. (2009). Early replication in pulmonary B cells after infection with Marek’s disease herpesvirus by the respiratory route. Viral Immunol. 22 (6):431. doi: 10.1089/vim.2009.0047.
4. Baigent S.J. et al. (2016). Real-time pcr for differential quantification of cvi988 vaccine virus and virulent strains of marek’s disease virus. J. Virol. Methods. 233:23–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.002.
5. Balachandran C, Pazhanivel N, Vairamuthu S and MuraliManohar B. (2009). Marek’s Disease and Lymphoid Leucosis in Chicken- A Histopathological Survey. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary Animal Science. 5(4):167-170. DOI:10.5455/ijlr.20190405084024.
6. Berthault C. Larcher N., Härtle S. et al. (2018). Trapp-Fragnet L., Denesvre C. Atrophy of primary lymphoid organs induced by Marek’s disease virus during early infection is associated with increased apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and a severe B-lymphopenia. Vet. Res. 49:31. doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0526-x.
7. Benton WJ & Cover MS. (1957). The increased incidence of visceral lymphomatosis in broiler and replacement birds. Avian Diseases. 1: 320-327. doi.org/10.2307/1587746.
8. Biggs PM. (1975). Marek’s disease–The disease and its prevention by vaccination.Br. J. Cancer. 2:152–155. PMC2149595.
9. Boodhoo N., Gurung A, Sharif S. & Behboudi S. (2017) Marek’s disease in chickens: A review with focus on immunology. Vet. Res. 47:119. doi: 10.1186/s13567-016-0404-3.
10. Bystry R.S. Aluvihare V, A Welch K. et al. (2001). B cells and professional APCs recruit regulatory T cells via CCL4. Nat. Immunol. 2:1126–1132. doi: 10.1038/ni735.
11. Carvallo F.R. French R., Gilbert-Marcheterre К. et al. (2011). Mortality of One-Week-Old Chickens during Naturally Occurring Marek’s Disease Virus Infection. Veterinary Pathology. 48(5): 993-998, doi:10.1177/0300985810395727.
12. Dang L.,Teng M., Li H-W. et al. (2017). Dynamic Changes in the Splenic Transcriptome of Chickens during the Early Infection and Progress of Marek’s Disease. Sci. Rep. 7:11648. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11304-y.
13. Baigent S.J., Nair V. K. & Galludec H.L. (2016). Real-time pcr for differential quantification of cvi988 vaccine virus and virulent strains of Marek’s disease virus. J. Virol. Methods. 233:23–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.002.
14. Bavananthasivam J. Astill J., Matsuyama-Kato A. et al. (2021). Gut microbiota is associated with protection against Marek’s disease virus infection in chickens. Virology. 553:122-130. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.10.011.
15. Biggs PM. (1975). Marek’s disease–The disease and its prevention by vaccination.Br. J. Cancer. 2:152–155. PMC2149595.
16. Ding С., Wang L., Marroquin J., Yan J. et al. C.(2008) Targeting of antigens to B cells augments antigen-specific T-cell responses and breaks immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigen MUC1. Blood. 112:2817. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-05-157396.
17. Engel A.T., McDermott М, Wiebe S. et al. (2012) Marek’s disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of b cells and cd4+ cd25+ t cells. j. virol. 86:8536–8545. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00556-12.
18. Gopal S., Kathaperumal К., Chidambaram В.(2012). Visualization of large RNA molecules in solution. 18(2):284–299. doi:10.1261/ RNA.027557.111.
19. Jarosinski K.W., Jarosinski K. W., Tischer B. K. et al. (2006) Marek’s disease virus: Lytic replication, oncogenesis and control. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 5:761–772. doi: 10.1586/14760584.5.6.761.
20. Johnson E.A. (1975). Morphogenesis of Marek’s disease virus in feather follicle epithelium. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55:89–99. doi: 10.1093/jnci/55.1.89.
21. Jin H. Kong Z, Arslan Mehboob A. et al. (2020) Transcriptional Profiles Associated with Marek’s Disease Virus in Bursa and Spleen Lymphocytes Reveal Contrasting Immune Responses during Early Cytolytic Infection. Viruses. 12(3):354. doi: 10.3390/v12030354.PMID: 32210095.
22. Jud A., Kotur M., Berger C. et al. (2017). Tonsillar CD56 bright NKG2A +, NK cells restrict primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in B cells via IFN-γ Oncotarget. 8:6130–6141. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14045.
23. Kaiser P. (2003). Differential Cytokine Responses following Marek’s Disease Virus Infection of Chickens Differing in Resistance to Marek’s Disease. J. Virol.77:762–768. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.762-768.2003.
24. Kanehisa M. (2008). KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:480–484. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm882.
25. Kalyani IH, Tajpar MM, Jhala MK et al. (2010). Characterization of the ICP4 gene in pathogenic Marek’s disease virus of poultry in Gujarat, India, using PCR and sequencing. Vet. Arhiv. 80: 683-692. doi: 10.1007/s13337-011-0031-6.
26. Kamaldeep, Sharma P C, Jindal N, et al. (2007). Occurrence of Marek’s Disease in Vaccinated Poultry Flocks of Haryana (India). International Journal of Poultry Science. 6 (5): 372-377. doi:10.3923/ijps.2007.372.377.
27. Kondrakhin P., N.V. Kurilov, A.G. Malakhov I.M. (1985). Clinical laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine: reference book. Agropromizdat. 287p.
28. Kobayashi S, Kobayashi K and Mikami T.(1986). A study of Marek’s disease in Japanese quails vaccinated with herpes virus of turkeys. Avian Diseases. 30: 816-819. doi.org/10.1080/03079459808419292.
29. Lucendo A.J. Rezende L., Comas С. et al. (2008). Treatment with topical steroids downregulates IL-5, eotaxin-1/CCL11, and eotaxin-3/CCL26 gene expression in eosinophilic esophagitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103:2184–2193. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01937.x.
30. Luther S.A. & Cyster J.G. (2001). Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation. Nat. Immunol. 2:102–107. doi: 10.1038/84205.
31. Meinkoth та Cowell (2002). Recognition of basic cell types and criteria of malignancy. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 32(6):1209-35, doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00048-7.
32. Moser B. & Loetsche P. (2001) Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines. Nat. Immunol. 2:123–128. doi: 10.1038/84219.
33. Musa IW, Bisalla M, Mohammed B. et al. (2015). Prevalence of Newcastle Disease in Gombe, Northeastern Nigeria: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study. British Microbiology Research Journal 6(6):367-375. doi:10.9734/bmrj/2015/15955.
34. Nazerian K. & Witter R.L. (1970). Cell-Free transmission and in vivo replication of Marek’s disease virus. J. Virol. 5:388–397. doi: 10.1128/JVI.5.3.388-397.1970.
35. Nova-Lamperti E. Chana P., Mobillo Paula (2017). Increased cd40 ligation and reduced bcr signalling leads to higher il-10 production in b cells from tolerant kidney transplant patients. transplantation. J. Virol 101:541. doi: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001341.
36. Panda BK, Arya SC, Pradhan HK & Johri DC. (1983). Marek’s disease in chicken in various strains of White Leghorn. Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 18: 100. doi 10.5455/ijlr.20170720115734
37. Panneerselvam S, Dorairajan N, Balachandran C. et al. (2013). Saponin polymorphism in the Korean wild soybean. Plant Breeding 132:121–126. doi:10.1111/pbr.12016.
38. Calnek, B.W. & Witter, R.L. (1997). Marek’s disease. In B. W. Calnek, H. J. Barnes, C. W. Beard, L. R. McDougald & Y. M. Reid (Eds) Diseases of Poultry, 10th edn (pp. 369-413). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
39. Carvallo FR, French RA, Gilbert-Marcheterre K, et al. (2011). Mortality of One-Week-Old Chickens during Naturally Occurring Marek’s Disease Virus Infection. Veterinary Pathology. 48(5): 993-998. doi:10.1177/0300985810395727.
40. Robinson C.M. Cheng H.H, Delany M. E. (2014). Cheng H.H., Delany M.E. Temporal Kinetics of Marek’s Disease Herpesvirus: Integration Occurs Early after Infection in Both B and T Cells. Cytogenet Genome Res. 144:142–154. doi: 10.1159/000368379.
41. Sawale GK, Shelke VM. & Kinge GS. (2014). Observation on occurrence of neural form of Marek’s disease in desi chickens. Indian J. Vet. Pathol. 38(2): 94-97. doi:10.5958/0973-970x.2014.01146.8.
42. Schilling M.A., Katani R., Memari S. et al. (2018). Transcriptional Innate Immune Response of the Developing Chicken Embryo to Newcastle Disease Virus Infection. Front. Genet. 9:61. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00061.
43. Singh SD, Barathidasan R, Kumar A. (2012). Recent trends in diagnosis and control of Marek’s disease (MD) in poultry. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 15(20): 964-970. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2012.964.970
44. Smith J., Sadeyen J.R., Paton I.R., et al. (2011). Systems Analysis of Immune Responses in Marek’s Disease Virus-Infected Chickens Identifies a Gene Involved in Susceptibility and Highlights a Possible Novel Pathogenicity Mechanism. J. Virol. 85:11146–11158. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05499-11.
45. Swathi B, Kumar С., Anand К. & Reddy M. (2019). Lymphoid Leucosis and Marek’s Disease In Chicken – Gross and Histopathological Studies. International Journal of Livestock Researc. 36(1): 41-48. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20190405084024Stachowiak A.N. Wang Y., Huang Y-C. et al. (2006). Homeostatic Lymphoid Chemokines Synergize with Adhesion Ligands to Trigger T and B Lymphocyte Chemokinesis. J. Immunol. 177:2340–2348. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2340.
46. Sung HW. (2002). Recent increase of Marek’s disease in Korea related to virulence increase of virus. Avian Diseases. 46(3):517-24. doi:10.1637/0005-2086.046[0517:riomsd]2.0.co;2
47. Swathi B, Kumar, Anand & Reddy MR. (2019). Lymphoid Leucosis and Marek’s Disease In Chicken - Gross and Histopathological Studies. International Journal of Livestock Researc. 36(1): 41-48. doi:10.5455/ijlr.20190405084024.
48. Tanaka T. Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. (2014). IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 6:a016295. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295.
49. Witter, R.L. (1998). The changing landscape of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathology 27, 149-163. doi:10.1080/03079459808419292.
50. Xu M, Zhang H, Lee L. et al. (2011). Gene Expression Profiling in rMd5- and rMd5meq-Infected Chickens. Avian Diseases. 55(3): 358-367. doi: 10.1637/9608-120610-reg.1.
Published
2022-06-29
How to Cite
Livoshchenko, L. P., & Livoshchenko, E. M. (2022). METHODS OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF MAREK’S DISEASE. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (1 (56), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2022.1.4
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