MEANS FOR PRE-MILKING AND POST-MILKING PROCESSING OF COW UDDERS
Keywords:
cows, hygiene, disinfectants, preparation for milking, bacterial contamination, microbiota, somatic cells
Abstract
One of the key procedures that affects the productivity and quality of milk is the preparation of cows for milking. Performing this work is of great importance, as it affects both the milk flow rate during milking and the quality of the product. The safety of milk directly depends on milking hygiene and the health of cows. Sanitary treatment of the udder is an effective preventive measure for most animals. Proper milking hygiene includes cleaning and disinfecting the udder, helps to avoid cow udder diseases, ensures the production of safe and high-quality milk, and thus contributes to ensuring food safety for consumers. Sanitation before milking was previously performed by washing the udder and teats with water, then using disinfectants. Modern requirements emphasize that teats must be disinfected and dried before milking. In dairy cattle, teat disinfection is usually used at the end of milking to limit the colonization of milk by pathogenic microorganisms through the teat canal. The choice of antiseptic for udder care should be based on proven efficacy, which is necessary for registration of the product as a veterinary medicinal product. The purpose of selecting the appropriate antiseptic is to provide effective protection of the cow’s udder against bacterial infections. Sanitation of the mammary gland should provide not only an antiseptic effect, but also maintain the health of the mammary gland. Ensuring optimal conditions for dairy products involves maintaining hygiene, preventing cow udder diseases and maintaining milk quality. Preparations used after milking can irritate the skin of the teat and unbalance its microbial population. Therefore, choosing an antiseptic should take into account not only the effectiveness in killing bacteria, but also the ability to preserve and improve the condition of the mammary glands. The active ingredient, which is most often included in products for the hygienic treatment of milking cows before milking, is iodine, chlorhexidine, lactic acid, glycolic acid. Many researchers emphasize following a proper milking protocol. Disinfection of teats before and after milking is a common mastitis prevention practice as part of a mastitis control program in dairy herds.
References
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21. Morton, J. M., Penry, J. F., Malmo, J., & Mein, G. A. (2014). Premilking teat disinfection: Is it worthwhile in pasturegrazed dairy herds? Journal of Dairy Science, 97(12), 7525–7537. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8185
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Zazharska N. V., Graduate
2. Alawneh, J. I., James, A. S., Phillips, N., Fraser, B., Jury, K., Soust, M., & Olchowy, T. W. J. (2020). Efficacy of a Lactobacillus-Based Teat Spray on Udder Health in Lactating Dairy Cows. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.584436
3. Baumberger, C., Guarín, J. F., & Ruegg, P. L. (2016). Effect of 2 different premilking teat sanitation routines on reduction of bacterial counts on teat skin of cows on commercial dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(4), 2915–2929. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10003
4. Breen, J. (2019). The importance of teat disinfection in mastitis control. Livestock, 24 (3), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.3.122
5. Burtscher, J., Rudavsky, T., Zitz, U., Neubauer, V., & Domig, K. J. (2023). Importance of Pre-Milking Udder Hygiene to Reduce Transfer of Clostridial Spores from Teat Skin to Raw Milk. Microorganisms, 11(5), 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051337
6. Cabral, J. F., Bánkuti, F. I., Gurgel, A. L. C., Ítavo, L. C. V., Sippert, M. R., Osorio, J. A. C., Marchi, F. E. De, Lourenço, J. C. S., Almeida, K. V. De, Valloto, A. A., & Santos, G. T. dos. (2022). Iodine concentration in milk evaluated by iodized agents during milking. Food Science and Technology, 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.41322
7. Fitzpatrick, S. R., Garvey, M., Flynn, J., Jordan, K., & Gleeson, D. (2019). Are some teat disinfectant formulations more effective against specific bacteria isolated on teat skin than others? Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 61(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-019-0455-3
8. Fitzpatrick, S. R., Garvey, M., Flynn, J., O’ Brien, B., & Gleeson, D. (2022). Use of different methods for the evaluation of teat disinfectant products. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 50(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2021.2020123
9. Fitzpatrick, S. R., Garvey, M., Flynn, J., O’Brien, B., & Gleeson, D. (2021). Effect of Pre-Milking Teat Foam Disinfection on the Prevention of New Mastitis Rates in Early Lactation. Animals, 11(9), 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092582
10. Fotina, T. I., Fotina, H. A., Ladyka, V. I., Ladyka, L. M., Zazharska, N. M. (2018). Monitoring research of somatic cells count in goat milk in the eastern region of Ukraine. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 69(3), 1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.18882
11. Fotina, T. I., Zazharska, N. M. ta Kostiuchenko, V. Yu. (2015). Vplyv zasobiv dlia doinnia na sanitarnu yakist kozynoho moloka. [Influence of facilities for milking on sanitary quality of goat’s milk]. Visnik Sumskogo nacionalnogo agrarnogo universitetu, 7 (37), 59–65. (in Ukrainian)
12. Fotina, T., & Zazharska, N. (2016). Physical and chemical composition of goat and sheep milk depending on the altitude of grazing. The Animal Biology, 18(4), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.15407/animbiol18.04.106
13. Garvey, M., Curran, D., & Savage, M. (2016). Efficacy testing of teat dip solutions used as disinfectants for the dairy industry: Antimicrobial properties. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 70(2), 179–187. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12344
14. Godden, S. M., Royster, E., Knauer, W., Sorg, J., Lopez-Benavides, M., Schukken, Y., Leibowitz, S., & French, E. A. (2016). Randomized noninferiority study evaluating the efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of naturally occurring intramammary infections. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(5), 3675–3687. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10379
15. Kalińska, A., Jaworski, S., Wierzbicki, M., Kot, M., Radzikowski, D., Smulski, S., & Gołębiewski, M. (2023). Silver and Copper Nanoparticles as the New Biocidal Agents Used in Pre- and Post-Milking Disinfectants with the Addition of Cosmetic Substrates in Dairy Cows. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2), 1658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021658
16. Koçyiğit, R., Yanar, M., Aydin, R., Özdemir, V. F., Diler, A., & Yilmaz, A. (2022). Structural Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Enterprises in Central County of Ağrı Province: Milking Management Practices. Hayvansal Üretim, 63(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.981587
17. Krupelnytskyi, T. V. (2023). Hygiene products for udder health of lactating cows. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 6(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.32718/ujvas6-1.14
18. Lago, A., Bruno, D. R., Lopez-Benavides, M., & Leibowitz, S. (2016). Short communication: Efficacy of glycolic acid-based and iodine-based postmilking barrier teat disinfectants for prevention of new intramammary infections in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(9), 7467–7472. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10666
19. Martins, C. M. M. R., Pinheiro, E. S. C., Gentilini, M., Benavides, M. L., & Santos, M. V. (2017). Efficacy of a high free iodine barrier teat disinfectant for the prevention of naturally occurring new intramammary infections and clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(5), 3930–3939. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11193
20. Mišeikienė, R., Rudejevienė, J., & Gerulis, G. (2015). Effect of pre-milking antiseptic treatment on the bacterial contamination of cow teats’ skin. Bulgarian journal of veterinary medicine, 159–166. https://doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.833
21. Morton, J. M., Penry, J. F., Malmo, J., & Mein, G. A. (2014). Premilking teat disinfection: Is it worthwhile in pasturegrazed dairy herds? Journal of Dairy Science, 97(12), 7525–7537. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8185
22. Muzyka, V. P., Stetsko, T. I., Panych, O. P., Atamanyuk, I. E., Chaykovska, O. I., Kalinina, O. Y., & Uhryn, H. P. (2021). Disinfectants for sanitary treatment of the skin of the elder of lacting cows. Scientific and technical bulletin оf state scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives Аnd Institute of Animal Biology, 22(1), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-1.20
23. Myronchuk, V., & Peleno, R. (2023). Retrospective analysis of production of main active ingredients and assortment of disinfectants in Ukraine. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Veterinary Sciences, 25(110), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet11011
24. Ózsvári, L., & Ivanyos, D. (2022). The use of teat disinfectants and milking machine cleaning products in commercial Holstein-Friesian farms. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.956843
25. Paliy, A., Aliiev, E., Paliy, A., Ishchenko, K., Shkromada, O., Musiienko, Y., Plyuta, L., Chekan, O., Dubin, R., & Mohutova, V. (2021). Development of a device for cleansing cow udder teats and testing it under industrial conditions. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1(1 (109)), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061. 2021.224927
26. Quirk, T., Fox, L. K., Hancock, D. D., Capper, J., Wenz, J., & Park, J. (2012). Intramammary infections and teat canal colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci after postmilking teat disinfection: Species-specific responses. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(4), 1906–1912. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4898
27. Rezaei Ahvanooei, M. R., Norouzian, M. A., Hedayati, M., & Vahmani, P. (2021). Effect of potassium iodide supplementation and teat-dipping on iodine status in dairy cows and milk iodine levels. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 74, 106504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106504
28. Rowe, S., Tranter, W., & Laven, R. (2018). Effect of pre‐milking teat disinfection on clinical mastitis incidence in a dairy herd in Northern Queensland, Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 96(3), 69–75. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12674
29. Ruegg, P. L. (2017). A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(12), 10381–10397. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13023
30. Schukken, Y. H., Rauch, B. J., & Morelli, J. (2013). Defining standardized protocols for determining the efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant following experimental exposure of teats to mastitis pathogens. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(4), 2694–2704. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6222
31. Shapovalov, S., Fotina, T., Kalachnikov, V. and Zazharska, N. (2015) Composition physico-chimique du lait de chèvre de l’Est de l’Ukraine. Revue Écologie-Environnement, Algérie 11, 70–73.
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36. Zazharska N.M., Biben I.A., Zazharska N.V. Sanitarna yakist koroviachoho moloka / Ahrarna osvita: mynule, suchasne, maibutnie : zbirnyk materialiv Mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii, prysviachenoi 100-richchiu LNAU. [Sanitary quality of cow’s milk. Agrarian education: past, present, future: International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of LNAU] (Sloviansk, 15-16 lyst. 2021 r.) / Luhanskyi natsionalnyi ahrarnyi universytet. – Sloviansk, 2021. – С. 220-221. (in Ukrainian)
37. Zazharska N.M., Biben I.A., Zazharska N.V. Pokaznyky yakosti koroviachoho moloka / Materialy naukovopraktychnoi onlain konferentsii «Bezpechnist ta yakist kharchovykh produktiv u kontseptsii «Iedyne zdorovia» (Quality indicators of cow’s milk: materials of the scientific and practical online conference "Safety and quality of food products in the concept of "One Health")(m. Lviv, 1–2 chervnia 2023 r.). Lviv, 2023.— S. 18-19. (in Ukrainian)
38. Zazharska, N. (2016a). Bacterial contamination of milk at different temperatures and shelf life. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Veterinary Sciences, 18, 3 (70), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7025
39. Z azharska, N. M. (2014). Kilkist somatychnykh klityn u molotsi koriv ta kiz. (Somatic cell count of cow and goat milk. News of Sumy National Agrarian University) Visnyk Sumskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu, 1 (34), 89–92. (in Ukrainian)
40. Zazharska, N. M. (2016 b). Porivnialna kharakterystyka koroviachoho i kozynoho moloka za danymy laboratorii LILCO. (Comparative characteristics of cow`s and goat`s milk, according to the data of laboratory LILCO). Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy, 237, 297–308. (in Ukrainian)
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42. Zazharska, N. M. ta Priadka, O. V. (2015). Vplyv periodu laktatsii, chasu nadoiu, sezonu na kilkist somatychnykh klityn moloka koriv. (Influence of lactation period, yield time, season on the somatic cell count in cow milk). Naukovo-tekhnichnyi biuleten NDTs biobezpeky ta ekolohichnoho kontroliu resursiv APK, 3 (1), 107–112. (in Ukrainian)
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44. Zazharska N. M., Kurban D. A., Holubieva O. V. (2017a). Vmist zhyru, bilku, somatychnykh klityn u molotsi koriv i kiz v zalezhnosti vid kilkosti laktatsii. (Contain of fat, protein, somatic cells in cow’s and goat’s milk depending on number of lactation). Naukovo-tekhnichnyi biuleten NDTs biobezpeky ta ekolohichnoho kontroliu resursiv APK (Science and Technology Bulletin of SRC for Biosafety and Environmental Control of AIC) 5 (4), 17–24. (in Ukrainian)
45. Zazharska N. M., Neverkovets N. Yu., Danyliuk V. O. (2017b). Parametry subklinichnoho mastytu v kiz. (Parameters of subclinical mastitis in goats). Visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho derzhavnoho ahrarno-ekonomichnoho universytetu. 3 (45). 77–81. (in Ukrainian)
46. Zazharska, N. V. (2023). Health of the dairy herd and indicators of milk quality. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Veterinary Sciences, 25(110), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet11016 (in Ukrainian)
Zazharska N. V., Graduate
Published
2023-12-27
How to Cite
Zazharska, N. V., & Biben, I. A. (2023). MEANS FOR PRE-MILKING AND POST-MILKING PROCESSING OF COW UDDERS. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (4(63), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.32782/bsnau.vet.2023.4.7
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