MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AVIAN ADRENAL GLAND

Keywords: birds, adrenal gland, topography, shape, color, mass, size

Abstract

The adrenal gland is a peripheral organ of the endocrine system. Its hormones affect the growth and differentiation of tissues, regulate protein, carbohydrate, fat, water, and mineral metabolism, and affect the body's resistance to infections, stress, intoxication, and other factors. The aim of the work was to establish the features of the macroscopic structure of the adrenal gland of birds of the order chicken-like (domestic quail, chicken and turkey), goose-like (musk-duck, domestic duck and goose) and pigeon-like (blue pigeon). Comparative anatomical, organometric and statistical research methods were used. It was found that the shape of the adrenal gland in the studied birds is different. The right adrenal gland is characterized by semilunar (domestic quail), rounded (domestic chicken), triangular (domestic turkey), square (musk-duck), round-elongated (domestic duck), pyramidal (domestic goose), elongated-pyramidal (domestic pigeon) shapes. The left adrenal gland is pyramidal (domestic chicken and duck), semilunar (domestic quail), lumpy (musk-duck), elongated-oval (domestic goose) or elongated-rounded (blue pigeon) in shape. The color of the adrenal glands of blue pigeon, domestic chicken and quail is pale yellow. In other species of birds studied, it varies from golden yellow (musk-duck, domestic turkey and goose) to yellow-brown (domestic duck). The absolute mass of the adrenal gland of birds depends on their body weight, increases from 0.023±0.00 g in domestic quail to 0.175±0.003 g in domestic turkey (chicken-shaped row), from 0.076±0.004 g in musk-duck to 0.662 ± 0.007 g in domestic turkey (goose-shaped row). In the blue pigeon (pigeon-like row), the absolute mass of the adrenal gland is the smallest among all the birds studied and is equal to 0.019± 0.001 g. relative to the length, width, and thickness of the adrenal gland, they are the largest in the domestic goose (10,95±0,26, 9,48±0,23, 4,71±0,17 mm, respectively), and the smallest-in the blue pigeon (3,53±0,04, 2,59±0,16, 1,33±0,03 mm, respectively). In all the birds studied, the largest average value is the length, slightly less the width, and the smallest is the thickness of the adrenal gland. The left adrenal gland, compared to the right adrenal gland, is relatively longer. The established features of the macroscopic structure of the adrenal gland of birds can be used to create the basis for its normal morphological characteristics, which will make it possible to assess the Morpho-functional state of this organ under the influence of various factors and pathology.

References

1. Al-Jebori, G. A. J., Al-Jebori, K. H. A., Hossain, O. A., & Al-Tamimi, S. M. Z. (2016). Histomorhological study of adrenal gland in local adult female duck (Anas platyhynchos). Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research, 15(2), 164–175.
2. Al-Zubaidi, K. A., & Shaimaa, M. N. (2020). Histological and histomorphometrical postnatal developmental study of adrenal gland in Awassi sheep (Ovis aris). Plant Archives, 20(1), 1602–1606.
3. Barreiro-Vázquez, J.-D., Barreiro, A., & Miranda, M. (2020). Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein–Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study. Animals, 10(7), 1171. doi:10.3390/ani10071171.
4. Brooks B., & H. Munro, R. (2016). The veterinary forensic necropsy: a review of procedures and protocols. Veterinary Pathology, 53(5), 919–928. doi:10.1177/0300985816655851.
5. Colcimen, N., & Cakmak, G. (2020). A stereological study of the renal and adrenal glandular structure of red-legged partridge (Alectoris chukar), Folia morphology, 80(1), 210–214. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0010.
6. Di Lorenzo, M., Barra, T., Rosati, L., Valiante, S., Capaldo, A., De Falco, M., & Laforgia, V. (2020). Adrenal gland response to endocrine disrupting chemicals in fishes, amphibians and reptiles: A comparative overview. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 297. 113–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113550.
7. El-Desoky, S. M., & El-Zahraa, F. M. (2021). Morphological and histological studies of the adrenal gland in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Microscopy Research and Technique, 27. doi:10.1002/jemt.23791.
8. Elzoghby, I. M. (2010). Light and electron microscope studies of the adrenal glands of the Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiacus). Lucrări științifice-Medicină Veterinară, Universitatea de științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară, 12(1), 195–203.
9. Fathima, R. & Lucy, K. (2014). Morphological studies on the adrenal gland of kuttanad ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) during post hatch period. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(6), 58–62.
10. Gaber, W., & Abdel-Maksoud, F. M. (2019). Interrenal tissue, chromaffin cells and corpuscles of Stannius of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microscopy, 68(3), 195–206. doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfy146.
11. Hays, V. J. (2018). The Development of the Adrenal Glands of Birds (Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books. 28.
12. Jabbar, I. A., Kareem, H., & Abdulghafoor, R. (2021). Histomorphological Comparative Study of the Adrenal Glands in Local Guinea Fowl (Numida Meleagris) and Muscovy duck (Cairina Moschata Domestica). Annals of Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(3), 4360–4369.
13. Kigata, T., & Shibata, H. (2018). Arterial supply to the rabbit adrenal gland. Anatomical Science International, 93(4), 437–448. doi:10.1007/s12565-018-0433-2.
14. Kober, H., Masato, A. & Shoei, S. (2012). Morphological and Histological Studies on the Adrenal Gland of the Chicken (Gallus domesticus). Journal of Poultry Science, 49(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.011038.
15. Kot T. F., & Prokopenko V. S. (2020). Osoblivostі morfologії nadnirkovoї zalozi kurej [Peculiarities of the vorphology of the adrenal glands of chickens]. Naukovі gorizonti, 5 (90), 82–88. doi:10.33249/2663-2144-2020-90-5-82-88. (in Ukrainian).
16. Kot, T. F., Rudyk, S. K., Huralska, S. V., Zaika, S. S., & Khomenko, Z. V. (2021). Doslidzhennia morfolohii nadnyrkovoi zalozy iz davnyny do sohodennia [Study of adrenal morphology fromantiquity to the present day]. Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu veterynarnoi medytsyny ta biotekhnolohii imeni S. Z. Gzhytskoho, 101(23), 75–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10113. (in Ukrainian).
17. Lauteri, E., Mariella, J. Beccati, F., Roelfsema, E., Castagnetti, C., Pepe, M., Barbato, O., Montillo, M., Rouge, S., Freccero, F., & Peric, T. (2020). Ultrassonographic measurement of the adrenal gland in nejnatal foals reliability of the technique and assessment of variation in healthy foals during the first file days of life. The Veterinary record, 187(12), 1–6. doi: http://hdl.handle.net/11391/1476185.
18. Lotfi, C. F., Kremer, J. L., Passaia, B. S., & Cavalcante, I. P. (2018). The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders. Clinics, Sao Paulo, 73(1), 473.
19. Moawad, U., & Hassan, M. R. (2017). Histocytological and histochemical features of the adrenal gland of Adult Egyptian native breeds of chicken (Gallus Gallus domesticus). Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 199–208. doi: org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.04.001.
20. Moghadam, D., & Mohammadpour, A. (2017). Histomorphological and stereological study on the adrenal glands of adult female guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 26(3), 1227–1231. doi:10.1007/s00580-017-2514-3.
21. Moghanlo, M. D., & Mohammadpour, A. A. (2019). Anatomy and histomorphology of thyroid, parathyroid and ultimobranchial glands in Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Comparative Clinical Pathology, 28(1), 225–231.
22. Qureshi, S., Khan, M., Shafi, S., Mir, M., Adil, S., & Khan, A. (2020). A study on histomorphology of adrenal gland in broiler chickens subjected to cold stress and its ameliorating remedies. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(4), 1160–1168. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.137.
23. Reavill, D., & Schmidt, R. (2019). Post-mortem examination. Manual of ackyard poultry medicine and surgery. BSAVA. Manual of Bachyard Poultry Medicine and Surgery, 25, 291–308. doi:10.22233/9781910443194.25.
24. Reharison, F., Bourges Abell, N., Sautet, J., Deviers, A., & Mogicato, G. (2017). Anatomy, histology, and ultrasonography of the normal adrenal gland in brown lemur: Eulemur fulvus. Journal of Medical Primatology, 46(2), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12255.
25. Sadon, A. H. (2018). Morphological and histochemical study of adrenal gland in local domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) in Basrah province. Basrah of Journal Veterinary Researsh, 17(1), 74–85. doi: 0.18535/jmscr/v5i9.58.
26. Sarkar, S., Islam, M. N., Adhikary, N. G., Paul, B., & Bhowmik, N. (2014). Morphological and histological studies on the adrenal gland in male and female chicken (Gallus domesticus). International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research, 5(9),715–718.
27. Scanes, C. G. (2020). Avian physiology: are birds simply feathered mammals? Physiology, 11(9), 1–6. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.542466.
28. Tang, L., Peng, K.-M., Wang, J.-X., Luo, H.-Q., Cheng, J.-Y., Zhang, G.-Y., Sun, Y.-F., Liu, H.-Z., & Song, H. (2009). The morphological study on the adrenal gland of African ostrich chicks. Tissue and Cell, 41(4), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2008.11.003.
29. Uetsuka, K., Suzuki, T., Chambers, K., Uchida, K., Doi, K., & Nunoya, T. (2018). Proliferative changes in the adrenal medulla of aged Chinese native pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 80(6), 968–972. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0630.
30. Vuković, S., Lucić, H., Živković, A., Gomerčić, M., Gomerčić, T., & Galov, A. (2010). Histological Structure of the Adrenal Gland of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 39(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00981.x.
31. Ye, L. X., Wang, J. X., Li, P., & Zhang, X. T. (2018). Distribution and morphology of ghrelin immunostained cells in the adrenal gland of the African ostrich. Biotechnic Histochemestry, 93(1), 1–7. doi: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1372631.
32. Zakrevska, M. V., & Tybinka, A. M. (2019). Histological characteristics of accessory adrenal glands of rabbits with different types of autonomous tonus. Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, 21(93), 1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9322.
Published
2021-12-27
How to Cite
Prokopenko, V. S., & Kot, T. F. (2021). MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AVIAN ADRENAL GLAND. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (4 (55), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2021.4.3