МОЛЕКУЛЯРНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ ПІРОПТОЗУ ТА ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ З НИМ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ
Ключові слова:
молекулярний механізм, піроптоз, захворювання.
Анотація
Основною структурною одиницею будови живих організмів є клітина, яка відіграє важливу роль у метаболічних процесах, виникненні та розвитку захворювань. Піроптоз – це захисний механізм вродженого імунітету, що унеможливлює розмноження внутрішньоклітинних патогенів. Піроптоз є формою запрограмованої некротичної загибелі клітини. За піроптозу, на відміну від інших процесів, а саме апоптозу та некрозу, в результаті активації каспази відбувається порушення цілісності плазматичної мембрани. Даний процес має особливості і відрізняється механізмом виникнення та морфологічними характеристиками процесу. Коли клітина піддається піроптозу, ядро конденсується з утворенням піроптотичного тіла. У клітинній мембрані з’являються численні пори, клітина набухає і розривається, вивільняючи свій вміст. Каспаза є гомологічним і протеолітичним ферментом у цитоплазмі клітин, який вибірково розпізнає та розщеплює пептидні зв’язки. Каспаза може індукувати різні механізми розвитку піроптозу. Крім того, газдермін також відіграє важливу роль у процесі піроптозу. Газдерміни – це функціонально різноманітні білки, що експресуються в різних типах клітин і тканин. Гасдерміни представлені 6 видами білків. Після розщеплення газдерміни можна розділити на фрагменти N і C. N-фрагмент може спричинює процес утворення пор в клітинній мембрані, що призводить до набряку клітини, розриву, відтоку цитокінів та іншого вмісту, запускаючи процес імунної відповіді організму та спричинюючи процес піроптозу. Процес виникнення піроптозу розрізняють на класичний шлях і некласичний. Класичний процес в основному залежить від каспази-1, тоді як некласичний – від активації каспази-4/5/11. Як спосіб загибелі клітин, піроптоз нерозривно пов’язаний із захворюваннями. Інфламасоми та цитокіни, що утворюються в процесі піроптозу, можуть викликати запальну реакцію в організмі, що може призвести до прояву інфекційних, неврологічних та онкологічних захворювань. За інфекційних захворювань піроптоз тісно пов’язаний з інфекційними процесами, етіологічним чинником яких є бактерії, мікроскопічні гриби та віруси. Патогени ідентифікуються специфічними білками (інфламасомами та каспазами) і, відповідно, і в клітинах організму активізуються піроптичні процеси. Збудники інфекційних захворювань є основним етіологічним фактором індукції піроптозу. При серцево-судинних захворюваннях високий вміст жиру може викликати збільшення активних форм кисню, що спричинює піроптоз ендотеліальних клітин, а також активізує процес розвитоку атеросклерозу та інсульту. Піроптоз нервових клітин бере участь у патогенезі прогресування дегенеративних захворювань центральної нервової системи, таких як хвороба Альцгеймера та хвороба Паркінсона. Піроптоз може як пригнічувати появу пухлин, так і створювати оптимальні умови для їх росту і розвитку.
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Опубліковано
2022-10-14
Як цитувати
Касяненко, О. І., & Люй, М. (2022). МОЛЕКУЛЯРНИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ ПІРОПТОЗУ ТА ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ З НИМ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ. Вісник Сумського національного аграрного університету. Серія: Ветеринарна медицина, (2(57), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2022.2.3
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