SPECIES COMPOSITION, POPULATION DYNAMICS, AND SEX RATIO OF SCALE INSECTS AND FALSE SCALES IN FRUIT ORCHARDS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE
Abstract
The study presents findings on the species composition of armored scales (Diaspididae) and soft scales (Coccidae), identifying dominant species and evaluating their distribution dynamics across various fruit orchards. The analysis also considered the sex ratio and fluctuations in the proportion of infertile females. The research was conducted following established methodologies (Stankevych et al., 2022; Frewin et al., 2019; Deligeorgidis et al., 2008) during 2023–2024 in the experimental orchards of the Uman National University of Horticulture. The study encompassed the following fruit varieties: apple (Jonagold, Idared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious), sweet cherry (Dar Mliyeva, Melitopol Spotted, Drogana Yellow), plum (Hanita, Italian Prune), and pear (Zolotovorotska, Clapp’s Favorite). For each variety, five model trees were selected for sample collection. Within the fruit orchard ecosystems, four phytophagous species from the superfamily Coccoidea were identified, three belonging to the family Diaspididae and one to the family Coccidae. The California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) was the most prevalent species across the years of study and among all fruit crops. Its relative abundance ranged from 87.5% in apple orchards to 56.2% in cherry orchards. The sex ratio within the California red scale population demonstrated dependence on both the generational stage and the host plant species. A decline in population density correlated with a reduction in the proportion of males in successive generations across all host plants. The highest male-to-female ratio was observed on apple trees, while the lowest ratio and overall population density were recorded in cherry orchards. A direct relationship was established between the proportion of infertile females and the female-to-male ratio, reflected in the sex index. When the ratio was 1 male to 1–8 females, the proportion of infertile females remained low, ranging from 1% to 3%. However, as the female-to-male ratio increased to 9–12 females per male, the proportion of infertile females increased significantly, up to 11%, representing a nearly 3.5-fold rise. Further increases in the female-to-male ratio led to a progressive growth in the number of infertile females, emphasizing the impact of sex ratio dynamics on reproductive success within the population.
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