Soil aggregation with various cover crops in Ginkgo biloba L. plantations
Keywords:
Ginkgo biloba, green manures, cover crops, soil structure, row spacing, structure coefficient, annual grasses, perennial grass-es, red clover, white clover, ryegrass, white mustard, sand sainfoin.
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is an exotic plant for Ukraine that is nowadays becoming popular for parks and landscape gardening. Raw materials (leaves) of these plants are used as medicinal, and in the context of organic production has pharmaceutical significance. At Sumy National Agrarian University fields Ginkgo biloba is grown by seedling method, young seedlings are transplanted into the open ground, in an area where the plants are grown without chemical synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Row spacing between Ginkgo plants is 3 m and in case of high temperature and dry growing season the survival rate is reduced. The use of cover crops in the rows of Ginkgo biloba can help the plant cope with temperature stress, regulate the structural and nutrient status of the soil. We conducted one experiment with some common cover crops for Forest-steppe of Ukraine such as a phacelia, white clover, red clover, ryegrass, sainfoin, white mustard during growing seasons 2019‒2020. Sites planted in the spring between the rows of Ginkgo. At the end of August, soil samples to a depth of 0‒10, 10‒20, 20‒30 cm were collected to determine the structural and aggregate composition. These samples after reaching the air-dry state were sieved (dry method) and determined the percentage of soil particles with different diameters and structural coefficient soil. The percentage of agronomically valuable structure depended on the mechanical tillage on the site without and with cover crops, weather conditions. In the site without cover crops with mechanical tillage for weed control, the highest percentage of aggregates with a diameter of 10‒0.25 mm and coefficient of structure in layers of 0‒10 and 20‒30 cm was obtained. White mustard and white clover cover crops have shown the best result in good soil aggregation in the 0‒10 cm layer. In the layer of 10‒20 cm, the coefficient of structure was the highest in sites with white clover, respectively agronomically valuable structure was 69.6 %, slightly less with mustard 68.3 % and sainfoin 68.8 %. In a layer of 20‒30 cm sainfoin and clover among other cover crops showed the best result, the coefficient of structure was 2.7. Lastly, further research is needed to choose the best cover crop for Ginkgo biloba young plantations which help the plants to pass strongly through to environmental stressful condition. Additional researches are needed for cover crops selection and their mixtures, terms of sowings, times of cutting should be studied.
References
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4. Prokopenko, S. M., Mitsai, S. G., Ponomarenko, O. O., Nesin, I. V., Krokhmal, O. I., Bezverkhy, V. G., Palchik, S. P., Talyanina, O. G., Topchiy, I. I., & Kokhan, O. M. (2020). Vidtvorennya rodyuchosti gruntu u Sumskiy oblasti [Reproduction of soil fertility in Sumy region]. Okhorona hruntiv, 10, 40‒47 (in Ukrainian).
5. Zakharchenko, E. A. & Mischenko, Y. H. (2017). Impact of different tillage practices and green manure on physical properties of Chernozem soil. [Electronic resource]. Degradation and revitalization of soil and landscape: proceedings : International conference, (10-13 September 2017). Czech Republic : Palacky University in Olomouc, 51 (in Ukrainian).
6. Mischenko, Y. (2017). Pislyazhnyvni syderaty ta porystist hruntu. [Green manure crop and porosity of the soil]. Visnyk Sumskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Seriya «Ahronomiya i biolohiya», 2, 61‒69 (in Ukrainian).
7. Tomchuk, V. (2020). Volohozberezhennya v sadivnytstvi: zasoby i tekhnolohiyi. [Moisture conservation in horticulture: tools and technologies]. The scientific heritage. Budapest : Hungary, 47(7), 16‒27 (in Ukrainian).
8. Khamurzaev, S. M., Madaev, A. A., & Anasov, I. M. (2020). Green manure in the aisles of a young garden. [Sideraty v mezhduryad'yakh molodogo sada]. Plodorodiye, 4(115), 28‒29. (in Russian)
9. Liu, A., Ma, B.L. & Bomke, A. A. (2005). Effects of Cover Crops on Soil Aggregate Stability, Total Organic Carbon, and Polysaccharides. Soil Sci Soc Am J., 69, 2041‒2048. вoi: 10.2136/sssaj2005.0032
10. Kemper, R., Bublitz, T., Müller, P., Kautz, T., Döring, T. & Athmann, M. (2020). Vertical Root Distribution of Different Cover Crops Determined with the Profile Wall Method. Agriculture. doi: 10.3390/agriculture10110503
11. Mishchenko, Y. H., & Zakharchenko, E. A. (2019). Vplyv pislyazhnyvnoyi syderatsiyi na zaburyanenist buryakiv tsu-krovykh [The effect of green manures on weediness of sugar beet]. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Agronomy and Biology, 4(38), 41‒49.
12. Pachev, І. (2014). Study of Some Annual and Perennial Forage Crops as Sources of Green Manure (Siderates) for Soil Fertility Improvement. Soil science agrochemistry and ecology, XLVIII(2), 53‒56 (in Bulgarian).
13. Rigon, J. P. G., Franzluebbers, A. I. & Calonego, J. C. (2020). Soil aggregation and potential carbon and nitrogen mineralization with cover crops under tropical no-till. Journal of soil and water conservation, 75(5), 601‒609. doi: 10.2489/jswc.2020.00188
14. Basche, A. D. & Roesch-McNally, G.E. (2017). The trouble with cover crops: Farmers’ experiences with overcoming barriers to adoption Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 72(3), 59‒63. doi: 10.2489/jswc.72.3.59A
15. Delgado, J. A. & Gantzer, C. J. (2015) The 4Rs for cover crops and other advances in cover crop management for environmental quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 70(6), 142A‒145A. doi: 10.2489/jswc.70.6.142A
16. Christensen, B. T. (1986). Straw incorporation and soil organic matter in macroaggregates and particle size separates. European journal of soil science, 37(1), 125‒135. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1986.tb00013.x
17. Angers, D. A., Recous, S. & Aita, C. (2005). Fate of carbon and nitrogen in waterstable aggregates during decom-position of 13C15N-labelled wheat straw in situ. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1997.tb00549.x
18. Puget, P., Chenu, C. & Balesdent, J. (1995). Total and young organic matter distributions in aggregates of silty cul-tivated soils, 46(3), 449‒459. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01341.x
19. Kristiansen, S. M., Schjønning, P., Thomsen, I. K., Olesen, J. E., Kristensen, K. & Christensen, B. T. (2006). Similarity of differently sized macro-aggregates in arable soils of different texture. Geoderma, 137(1‒2), 147‒154. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.08.005
20. Aliev, T. G. G., Krivolapov, I. P., Bogdanov, O. E., Bogdanov, R. E., & Makova, N. E. (2019). Organization of the soil maintenance system in the cherry orchard. Technologies for the food and processing industry of aic – healthy food, 4, 54‒58. doi: 10.24411/2311-6447-2019-10023
21. Yaroshchuk, R. A. (2016). Perspektivi viroshhuvannja Ginkgo biloba L. v umovah Pіvnіchno-shіdnogo Lіsostepu Ukraїni dlja zagotіvlі listja u farmacevtichnih cіljah. [Perspectives for growing of Ginkgo biloba L. under the conditions of northeast forest-steppe of Ukraine for harvesting of leaves for pharmaceutical chemicals]. Visnyk Sumskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Seriya «Ahronomiya i biolohiya», 9 (32), 124–128 (in Ukrainian).
22. Kovalenko, I. M., Klymenko, G. O., Melnik, T. I., Yaroshchuk, R. A., Zherdetska, S. V., Su, Y., & Lykholat, O. A. (2020). Morphogenesis and vitality of seedlings of Ginkgo biloba in outdoor conditions. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 11(1), 22‒28. doi: 10.15421/022003
23. Robertson, J., Thomas, C.J., Caddy, B., & Lewis, A. J. M. (1984). Particle size analysis of soils — A comparison of dry and wet sieving techniques. Forensic Science International, 24(3), 209‒217. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(84)90186-5
24. Blaud, A., Menon, M., Zaan, B. Van der Lair, G. J., & Banwart, S. A. (2017). Chapter Five - Effects of Dry and Wet Sieving of Soil on Identification and Interpretation of Microbial Community Composition. Editor(s): Steven A. Banwart, Donald L. Sparks. Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press, 142,119‒142. doi: 10.1016/bs.agron.2016.10.006.
25. Zhang, S., Wang, R., Yang, X., Sun, B., & Li, Q. (2016). Soil aggregation and aggregating agents as affected by long term contrasting management of an Anthrosol. Sci Rep., 6, 39107. doi: 10.1038/srep39107
26. Medvedev, V. V. (2008). Struktura pochvy (metody, genesis, klassifikatsiia, evolyutsia, geografiia, monitoring, okhrana) [Soil structure (methods, genesis, classification, evolution, geography, monitoring, protection)]. Kharkov, 13 tipografiia, 406 (in Russian).
27. Zakharchenko, E. A., Masyk, I. M., & Dema, O. S. (2016). Znachennya relyefu u formuvanni struktury gruntiv [Importance of relief in forming the structure of soil]. Visnyk Sumskoho natsionalnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Seriya «Ahronomiya i biolohiya», 2, 223‒228 (in Ukrainian).
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Published
2020-12-25
How to Cite
Yaroshchuk, R., Zakharchenko, E., Kovalenko, I., Yaroshchuk, S., & Klymenko, H. (2020). Soil aggregation with various cover crops in Ginkgo biloba L. plantations. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Agronomy and Biology, 42(4), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.32782/agrobio.2020.4.4
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