СТРУКТУРА ПОПУЛЯЦІЙ ЛУЧНИХ РОСЛИН НА ЗАПЛАВНИХ ЛУКАХ ЛІСОСТЕПОВОЇ ЗОНИ ЗА УМОВ ВИПАСАННЯ ТА СІНОКОСІННЯ
Ключові слова:
луки, лучні рослини, злаки, бобові, популяція, онтогенетична структура популяцій, віталі- тетна структура популяцій, деградація травостою, випас, сінокосіння, Сула, Псел.
Анотація
У статті наведено результати досліджень зміни онтогенетичної та віталітетної структур популяцій злаків: Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca pratensis Huds., Phleum pratense L., Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., Alopecurus pratensis L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski., Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub. та бобових: Trifolium pratense L., Trifolium repens L., Medicago falcata L., Medicago lupulina L., Lotus corniculatus L., Vicia cracca L, а також динаміки надземної фітомаси, які відбуваються під впливом випасу і сінокосінь різної інтенсивності за умов заплавних луків річок Псел та Сула (Сумська область). Онтогенетичний аналіз показав, що злаки зберігають повночленні або неповночленні популяції нормального типу у 70% випадків і перетворюються на інвазійні та регресивні лише на останніх ступенях градієнтів. Бобові виявились менш стійкими, нормальний тип популяцій зареєстрований лише у 50% випадків. Генеративність популяцій злаків відрізняється стійкістю до випасання і знижується до 23–53% тільки на останніх ступенях, а сінокосіння взагалі суттєво не змінюють цей показник. За значенням індексу віковості досліджувані популяції розділились на три групи: перша – без суттєвих змін (A. pratensis, E. repens), друга – омолодження популяцій (D. glomerata, F. pratensis, D. cespitosa, M. falcata), третя – старіння популяцій (всі інші досліджувані види). Індивідуалізована також реакція видів на сінокосіння – різке збільшення віковості популяцій A. pratensis і V. cracca. За пасквальним і фенісиціальним градієнтами у всіх (за виключенням D. cespitosa) досліджуваних видів рослин зареєстровано закономірне, статистично достовірне зниження віталітетної якості популяцій Q. У порядку зниження стійкості до випасу досліджувані злаки склали ряд: F. pratensis → P. pratense → B. inermis → A. pratensis → E. repens → D. glomerata. Реакція бобових була подібною. Найстійкішими виявились T. repens і M. lupulina, малостійкими – T. pratense, M. falcata і L. corniculatus, дуже вразливим – V. сracca. Бобові, як і злаки, краще переносили сінокосіння. Аналіз динаміки накопичення надземної фітомаси показав, що на останніх ступенях пасовищного градієнту із травостою випадають E. repens і V. cracca. D. glomerata, P. pratense, T. pratense і L. corniculatus (7–15%). У D. cespitosa, T. repens і M. lupulina запас фітомаси збільшується у 3–9 разів. За умов безсистемних сінокосінь у злаків зберігалось 390,0 г/м2, а у бобових 48,5 г/м2 фітомаси. Загальний аналіз онтогенетичної та віталітетної структури та динаміки надземної фітомаси популяцій демонструє, що найбільші зміни у популяціях злаків і бобових відбувається на останніх ступенях пасквального градієнта, коли кількість тварин, що випасаються, перевищує 7–10 голів великої рогатої худоби на 1 га, а також за умов безсистемних сінокосінь.
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18. Kuzemko, A.A. & Kozyr, M.S. (2011). Syntaxonomic changes of the meadow vegetation on the Seim River floodplain in Ukraine. Ukranian Botanical Journal, 68(2), 216–226 (in Ukrainian).
19. Kyrylchuk, K.S., Skliar, V.G., Tykhonova, O. & Kobzhev, O. (2021). Vitality dynamics of populations of some legume species on floodplain meadows of the Psel river basin under grazing and haymaking (Ukraine). Horticulture. Scientific Papers. Series B, LXV(1), 406–414.
20. Kyrylchuk, K.S. & Bashtovyi, M.H. (2018). Kompleksnyi analiz populiatsii Trifolium pratense L. na zaplavnykh lukakh lisostepovoi zony Ukrainy [Comprehensive analysis of populations of Trifolium pratense L. on the flood meadows of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine]. Naukovyi visnyk Skhidnoievropeiskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Lesi Ukrainky, 4(377), 5–15 (in Ukrainian).
21. Milberg, P., Tälle, M., Fogelfors, H. & Westerberg, L. (2017). The biodiversity cost of reducing management intensity in species-rich grasslands: mowing annually vs. every third year. Basic and Applied Ecology, 22, 61–74.
22. Mirkin, B.M. (1984). Antropogennaya dinamika rastitelnosti [Anthropogenic dynamics of vegetation]. Itogi nauki i tehniki. Botanika, 5, 139–232 (in Russian).
23. Mirkin, B.M. & Naumova, L.G. (1998). Nauka o rastitelnosti [Vegetation Science]. Gilem, Ufa, 413.
24. Li, W., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Zheng, S. & Bai, Y. (2018). Ecosystem structure, functioning and stability under climate change and grazing in grasslands: current status and future prospects. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 33, 124–135.
25. Rabotnov, T.A. (1950). Zhiznennyj cikl mnogoletnih travyanistyh rastenii v lugovyh cenozah [Life-cycle of perennial herbaceous plants in meadow coenoses]. Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya 3. Geobotanica [Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR], 3(6), 77–204 (in Russian).
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Опубліковано
2023-06-08
Як цитувати
Бондарєва, Л. М., & Кирильчук, К. С. (2023). СТРУКТУРА ПОПУЛЯЦІЙ ЛУЧНИХ РОСЛИН НА ЗАПЛАВНИХ ЛУКАХ ЛІСОСТЕПОВОЇ ЗОНИ ЗА УМОВ ВИПАСАННЯ ТА СІНОКОСІННЯ. Вісник Сумського національного аграрного університету. Серія: Агрономія і біологія, 51(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.32782/agrobio.2023.1.1
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